{"id":12429,"date":"2024-05-24T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/?post_type=threads&p=12429"},"modified":"2024-05-23T11:19:23","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T11:19:23","slug":"thorlakstidir-and-tonnlistarlif-midalda-a-island","status":"publish","type":"threads","link":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/thraedir\/thraedir-tolublad-9\/thorlakstidir-og-tonlistarlif-midalda-a-islandi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00deorl\u00e1k times and musical life of the Middle Ages in Iceland"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir og t\u00f3nlistarl\u00edf mi\u00f0alda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\n\n
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\u00de\u00f3rbergur Bollason<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Inngangur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hvernig var menning mi\u00f0alda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi? Margt hefur tapast \u00ed t\u00edmans r\u00e1s en \u00fe\u00e6r heimildir sem vi\u00f0 eigum um menningu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar fyrr \u00e1 t\u00edmum er helst a\u00f0 finna \u00ed g\u00f6mlum handritum og b\u00f3kum, fyrir utan \u00fea\u00f0 sem hefur lifa\u00f0 \u00ed munnlegri geymd. Mi\u00f0aldir voru uppgangst\u00edmi \u00ed menningarl\u00edfi \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 \u00f6llum svi\u00f0um lista. Bygg\u00f0ar voru kirkjur um allt land, pr\u00fdddar skrautlegu handverki, samanber Val\u00fej\u00f3fssta\u00f0ahur\u00f0ina sem er var\u00f0veitt \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0minjasafninu. T\u00edmam\u00f3tarit \u00ed \u00edslenskri b\u00f3kmenntas\u00f6gu voru ritu\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i snemma \u00e1 h\u00e1mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum \u00feegar \u00f6ll helstu mi\u00f0aldaritin sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum eru skrifu\u00f0, svo sem Heimskringla og \u00cdslendingas\u00f6gurnar, en l\u00edka \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum, ekki s\u00edst innan ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku kirkjunnar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, \u00fear sem vi\u00f0 f\u00e1um t\u00edmam\u00f3taverk eins og S\u00f3larlj\u00f3\u00f0 og Lilju. En hva\u00f0 vitum vi\u00f0 um t\u00f3nlist \u00feessa t\u00edma?<\/p>\n

Ein helsta heimildin sem vi\u00f0 eigum um t\u00f3nlist s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0alda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er handrit a\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0um<\/u>. \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir eru t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngur sem sunginn var, og er enn, til hei\u00f0urs \u00deorl\u00e1ki helga \u00de\u00f3rhallssyni, Sk\u00e1lholtsbiskupi og d\u00fdrlingi. T\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngurinn var fluttur tvisvar \u00e1 \u00e1ri, \u00e1 \u00deorl\u00e1ksmessu a\u00f0 sumri 20. j\u00fal\u00ed og \u00deorl\u00e1ksmessu a\u00f0 vetri 23. desember.<\/p>\n

Skiljanlega gefur handriti\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur ekki heildst\u00e6\u00f0a mynd af \u00fev\u00ed hvernig t\u00f3nlistarl\u00edf hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma. Vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 geta \u00ed ey\u00f0urnar. \u00cd \u00feessari grein er reynt a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00f3nlist sem i\u00f0ku\u00f0 var h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed hinu kirkjulega umhverfi \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem handriti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0, \u00e1 m\u00f3tum 14. og 15. aldar. Greinin er unnin upp \u00far BA-ritger\u00f0 minni \u00ed t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0um vi\u00f0 Listah\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, \u00fear sem ranns\u00f3knarspurningin hvort<\/em> \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir hafi veri\u00f0 fluttar \u00ed fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Handriti\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sj\u00e1lft skinnhandriti\u00f0 sem geymir t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6nginn kallast AM 241 a II folio<\/em> og hefur veri\u00f0 var\u00f0veitt \u00e1 \u00c1rnastofnun \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk s\u00ed\u00f0an 1996. Hvar \u00fea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed aldanna r\u00e1s er ekki gott a\u00f0 segja, en \u00e1hugavert er a\u00f0 \u00e1 sp\u00e1ss\u00edu \u00feess stendur rita\u00f0: \u201e\u00feessa bok a kyrckian j skalholltti en eingin Anar A 1597\u201c.[1]<\/a> \u00cd doktorsritger\u00f0 sinni um \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir sem stu\u00f0st ver\u00f0ur nokku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari grein taldi R\u00f3bert Abraham Ott\u00f3sson l\u00edklegan h\u00f6fund geta hafa veri\u00f0 Arngr\u00edm Brj\u00e1nsson \u00e1b\u00f3ta \u00ed \u00deingeyrarklaustri og l\u00edklegan upprunat\u00edma handritsins \u00e1 m\u00f3tum 14. og 15. aldar.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ekki kemur s\u00e9rlega \u00e1 \u00f3vart a\u00f0 handriti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 \u00ed klaustri, enda voru \u00feau mikilv\u00e6gur hluti af innvi\u00f0um kirkjunnar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og menningarstarfsemi \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

Klaustrin voru merkar menningarstofnanir. Munkarnir frums\u00f6mdu b\u00e6kur og skrifu\u00f0u upp handrit. \u00cd \u00deingeyraklaustri, st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u svo a\u00f0 d\u00e6mi s\u00e9 teki\u00f0, Oddur Snorrason, sem skrifa\u00f0i s\u00f6gu \u00d3lafs konungs Tryggvasonar, og Gunnlaugur Leifsson sem skrifu\u00f0u s\u00f6gu J\u00f3ns biskups \u00d6gmundarsonar. Karl J\u00f3nsson \u00e1b\u00f3ti (1169-1181) var l\u00edka li\u00f0t\u00e6kur rith\u00f6fundur og skrifa\u00f0i s\u00f6gu Sverris konungs Sigur\u00f0arsonar. Helgafellsklaustur \u00e1 Sn\u00e6fellsnesi \u00e1tti st\u00f3rt b\u00f3kasafn enda r\u00edkasta klaustur landsins.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd t\u00f6flu 1 og mynd 1 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 hversu v\u00ed\u00f0a klaustur voru fyrir si\u00f0askipti.[4]<\/a> Klausturl\u00edf \u00e1 \u00cdslandi var \u00ed tveimur reglum, munkar af Benediktsreglu kenndri vi\u00f0 Benedikt fr\u00e1 N\u00fars\u00edu og kan\u00fakar af \u00c1g\u00fast\u00ednusarreglu kenndri vi\u00f0 \u00c1g\u00fast\u00ednus kirkjuf\u00f6\u00f0ur, en munkarnir af \u00feeirri reglu voru jafnframt v\u00edg\u00f0ir prestar.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nTafla 1<\/strong>. Klaustur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi[6]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

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\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 1<\/strong>. Kort af klaustrum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi[7]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 2.<\/strong> Fors\u00ed\u00f0a og s\u00ed\u00f0a innan \u00far handritinu AM 241 a II folio[8]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

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Handriti\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0um hefur eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 best vitum veri\u00f0 rita\u00f0 \u00ed \u00deingeyrarklaustri, en stuttu s\u00ed\u00f0ar or\u00f0i\u00f0 eign biskupsst\u00f3lsins \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti og veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00fear fyrir t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng heilags \u00deorl\u00e1ks. Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 mynd 2 er innihald handritsins a\u00f0 langmestu leyti n\u00f3tur a\u00f0 einradda lagl\u00ednum sem skrifa\u00f0ar eru vi\u00f0 texta, en \u00e1 st\u00f6ku sta\u00f0 stendur textinn stakur \u00e1n t\u00f3nefnis. Allt er \u00feetta t\u00f3nlist \u00far ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku helgihaldi. A\u00f0 mestu leyti eru \u00feetta t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsli\u00f0ir, en einnig eru tveir messuli\u00f0ir auk fleiri tilfallandi \u00fe\u00e1tta sem erfitt er a\u00f0 sta\u00f0setja \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 anna\u00f0 efni handritsins.[9]<\/a> Vert er a\u00f0 minnast \u00e1 \u00ed \u00feessu samhengi a\u00f0 handriti\u00f0 er nokku\u00f0 skemmt \u2013 sp\u00e1ss\u00edur eru v\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00e6ttar og \u00e1 st\u00f6ku sta\u00f0 hafa bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0ur glatast.[10]<\/a> Svo vir\u00f0ist sem a\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00edmans r\u00e1s hafi bl\u00f6\u00f0in losna\u00f0 \u00far upprunalegri bindingu og r\u00f6\u00f0 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0na ruglast. H\u00e9r er stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 endurr\u00f6\u00f0un R\u00f3berts Abrahams Ott\u00f3ssonar \u00e1 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0unum og flokkun hans \u00e1 efni handritsins.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

E\u00f0lilegt er a\u00f0 spurning vakni um hva\u00f0a t\u00f3nlist felist \u00ed \u00feessum t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng, og hvernig h\u00fan hafi veri\u00f0 i\u00f0ku\u00f0 \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum? Til a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed k\u00f6flunum h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fdmislegt tengt t\u00f3nlistarflutningi \u00ed ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku helgihaldi mi\u00f0alda.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3tnaskrift<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3tnaritunin \u00ed handriti \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a vir\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 fyrstu s\u00fdn kunnugleg \u00feeim sem l\u00e6sir eru \u00e1 n\u00f3tur en flj\u00f3tlega s\u00e9st a\u00f0 h\u00fan er \u00fe\u00f3 nokku\u00f0 fr\u00e1brug\u00f0in \u00feeirri n\u00f3tnaritun sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00ed dag. Handriti\u00f0 er skrifa\u00f0 \u00ed naumum<\/em> (lat. neuma) sem er fyrsta n\u00f3tnaritunin sem er \u00feekkt \u00ed ka\u00fe\u00f3lskum kirkjus\u00f6ng, og \u00fear me\u00f0 ein s\u00fa fyrsta \u00ed t\u00f3nlistars\u00f6gu Vesturlanda.[12]<\/a> Naumur byrju\u00f0u sem minnist\u00e6ki, \u00fe\u00e6r voru l\u00ednur skrifa\u00f0ar ofan vi\u00f0 tiltekinn texta til \u00feess a\u00f0 minna flytjanda \u00e1 hvort a\u00f0 vi\u00f0eigandi lag f\u00e6ri upp e\u00f0a ni\u00f0ur \u00ed t\u00f3nh\u00e6\u00f0. \u00deetta er einf\u00f6ld n\u00f3tnaritun, til minnis fyrir flytjanda sem \u00feekkti \u00feegar vi\u00f0komandi lag. Fyrstu naumurnar voru a\u00f0eins tv\u00f6 t\u00e1kn, virga<\/em> (\u201e\/<\/strong>\u201c) sem \u00fe\u00fdddi h\u00e6kkun og punktum<\/em> (\u201e . <\/strong>\u201c) sem \u00fe\u00fdddi l\u00e6kkun.[13]<\/a> \u00deegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1 var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera greinarmun \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed hva\u00f0a h\u00e6\u00f0 naumurnar voru skrifa\u00f0ar. \u00deannig merktu tv\u00e6r naumur skrifa\u00f0ar \u00ed s\u00f6mu h\u00e6\u00f0 s\u00f6mu t\u00f3nh\u00e6\u00f0. St\u00e6rsta skrefi\u00f0 kom svo \u00feegar b\u00e6tt var vi\u00f0 \u00feverl\u00ednum fyrir sk\u00fdrleika.[14]<\/a> Fyrst \u00ed sta\u00f0 voru eing\u00f6ngu tv\u00e6r l\u00ednur, efri l\u00ednan gul sem t\u00e1kna\u00f0i c\u2019<\/strong> og ne\u00f0ri l\u00ednan rau\u00f0 sem t\u00e1kna\u00f0i f<\/strong>. Flj\u00f3tlega ur\u00f0u l\u00ednurnar \u00fe\u00f3 fj\u00f3rar og kynntir til leiks tveir lyklar, C-lykill og F-lykill, sem t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 af litunum til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0setja naumurnar \u00ed t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i.[15]<\/a> \u00dearna var kominn n\u00f3tnastrengur mi\u00f0alda. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skrifa \u00e1 hann naumur m\u00e1tti rita ni\u00f0ur alla \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00f3nlist sem mann listi me\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mri t\u00f3nh\u00e6\u00f0. Kallast \u00feessi n\u00f3tnaskrift h\u00f3ffja\u00f0raskrift<\/em> (e. square-notation) og er \u00feetta s\u00fa skrift sem notu\u00f0 er \u00ed handriti \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a. \u00c1 mynd 2 s\u00e9st hvernig fj\u00f6gurra l\u00edna n\u00f3tnastrengurinn er rita\u00f0ur me\u00f0 rau\u00f0u bleki og C-lykill er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 efstu l\u00ednu strengsins. Enn var \u00fe\u00f3 engin lei\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 skrifa hrynjanda<\/u>, einungis t\u00f3nh\u00e6\u00f0ir. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist freistandi a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 \u00feverl\u00ednurnar \u00ed handritinu sem einhverskonar taktstrik tel \u00e9g \u00f6llu l\u00edklegra a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u einfaldlega til \u00feess ger\u00f0ar a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa auganu a\u00f0 para betur saman t\u00f3na og texta.<\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 er t\u00ed\u00f0ars\u00f6ngur?<\/strong><\/p>\n

En hvert er e\u00f0li \u00feessa t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngs sem \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir samanstanda af? Til \u00feess a\u00f0 svara \u00fev\u00ed getur veri\u00f0 tilefni til a\u00f0 l\u00edta um stund aftar \u00ed s\u00f6guna, aftur \u00ed frumkristnina \u00e1 fyrstu \u00f6ldum okkar t\u00edmatals.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var messan ekki enn or\u00f0in til, og voru helgiathafnir kristinna manna oft haldnar \u00e1 n\u00f3ttunni, b\u00e6\u00f0i til \u00fe\u00e6gindaauka en einnig vegna h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 ofs\u00f3knum. Fyrsta form t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngs sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum voru sl\u00edkar n\u00e6turathafnir \u00fear sem haldi\u00f0 var upp \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu kv\u00f6ldm\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0 Jes\u00fa Krists, og heilagt sakramenti \u00feegi\u00f0.[16]<\/a> \u00deessar athafnir voru haldnar a\u00f0faran\u00f3tt sunnudags og f\u00f3lust a\u00f0allega \u00ed b\u00e6num, ritningarlestri og s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ng, en einnig var flj\u00f3tlega fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 syngja hymna.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00deegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1, og altarisgangan f\u00e6r\u00f0ist yfir \u00ed messuna, skiptist \u00feessi n\u00e6turath\u00f6fn \u00ed nokkra hluta og f\u00f3r \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta fyrir \u00feeim t\u00ed\u00f0um sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00ed dag. \u00c1 laugardagskv\u00f6ldi, \u00ed a\u00f0draganda messunnar, var byrja\u00f0 a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0 sem nefndist Vesperas<\/em>.[18]<\/a> \u00deegar var li\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00f3ttina var fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 megin\u00fe\u00e1tt helgihaldsins sem var ath\u00f6fn \u00ed \u00feremur li\u00f0um, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um nokt\u00farnum, sem saman myndu\u00f0u t\u00ed\u00f0ina Matutinum<\/em>. A\u00f0 lokum var fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 morgunt\u00ed\u00f0ina Laudes<\/em> \u00e1\u00f0ur en haldi\u00f0 var til messu. \u00deessar \u00ferj\u00e1r t\u00ed\u00f0ir eru enn veigamestu t\u00ed\u00f0ir kirkjunnar og hafa mest t\u00f3nlistarlegt innihald.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 framangreindar t\u00ed\u00f0ir b\u00e6ttust s\u00ed\u00f0ar fj\u00f3rar t\u00ed\u00f0ir sem oft eru kalla\u00f0ar \u201eminni t\u00ed\u00f0irnar\u201c s\u00f6kum \u00feess hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r eru stuttar \u00ed flutningi, og voru \u00fe\u00e6r pers\u00f3nulegri helgiathafnir; Primam<\/em> klukkan 6, Tertiam<\/em> klukkan 9, Sextam<\/em> klukkan 12 og Nonam<\/em> klukkan 15. A\u00f0 lokum kom t\u00ed\u00f0in Completorium<\/em> og eru \u00fe\u00e1 upptaldar allar t\u00ed\u00f0ir mi\u00f0alda.[20]<\/a> Completorium var einskonar minni \u00fatg\u00e1fa af Vesperas sem fari\u00f0 var me\u00f0 fyrir h\u00e1ttinn. H\u00fan kemur okkur \u00fe\u00f3 minnst vi\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00fear sem m\u00fas\u00edkalskt v\u00e6gi hennar er takmarka\u00f0 s\u00f6kum \u00feess hve l\u00edti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0 fyrir hana af t\u00f3nlist.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Upprunalega var fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ir \u00ed hverri viku a\u00f0faran\u00f3tt sunnudags fram \u00e1 sunnudagskv\u00f6ld og \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i byrja\u00f0 og enda\u00f0 \u00e1 Vesperas,<\/em> en flj\u00f3tlega f\u00f3r a\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0kast a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ir \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum helgum d\u00f6gum svo sem d\u00f6gum d\u00fdrlinga e\u00f0a p\u00edslarvotta.[22]<\/a> T\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngurinn \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 mest \u00ed klaustrum \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum, en \u00fear voru t\u00ed\u00f0irnar sungnar \u00e1 hverjum degi. \u00c1samt messunni gat helgihaldi\u00f0 \u00fear teki\u00f0 7-8 klukkustundir hvern s\u00f3larhring. Forskriftina a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed ger\u00f0i Benedikt fr\u00e1 N\u00fars\u00edu, stofnandi Benediktsreglunnar.[23]<\/a> Oft voru t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngvarnir a\u00f0laga\u00f0ir a\u00f0 helgid\u00f6gum kristna helgihaldsins, eins og \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir. \u00de\u00e1 er tali\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Vesperas a\u00f0faran\u00f3tt \u00deorl\u00e1ksmessu a\u00f0 Vesperas \u00deorl\u00e1ksmessukv\u00f6lds.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nTafla 2.<\/strong> Yfirlit yfir t\u00ed\u00f0ir \u00ed ka\u00fe\u00f3lskum t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng mi\u00f0alda[24]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Meginuppista\u00f0a t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsins, s\u00e9rstaklega til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0, var s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngur. S\u00f6ngurinn var \u00fe\u00f3 kannski a\u00f0eins fr\u00e1brug\u00f0inn \u00fev\u00ed sem eigum a\u00f0 venjast – texti helgihaldsins var nefnilega a\u00f0 miklu leyti ekki sunginn vi\u00f0 tilb\u00fain \u201el\u00f6g\u201c eins og vi\u00f0 eigum a\u00f0 venjast heldur vi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a t\u00f3na<\/em>.[25]<\/a> T\u00f3narnir voru \u00e1kve\u00f0nar forskriftir n\u00f3tna sem m\u00e1tti laga a\u00f0 \u00feeim texta sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 flytja hverju sinni. T\u00f3narnir voru samsettir annarsvegar af raustarhaldi<\/em>, n\u00f3tu sem meginhluti textans var sunginn \u00e1, og hins vegar slaufum sem ger\u00f0ar voru \u00ed byrjun og enda texta.[26]<\/a> Hver t\u00f3nn var venjulega sunginn yfir eitt vers sem eru hvert tv\u00e6r l\u00ednur, og var einnig oft slaufa \u00e1 m\u00f3tum l\u00edna erindisins. Einfaldir t\u00f3nar voru oftast \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum me\u00f0 raustarhald \u00e1 n\u00f3tunni A me\u00f0 slaufur ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 G e\u00f0a F, en \u00e1 13. \u00f6ld f\u00f3r a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a algengara a\u00f0 hafa raustarhaldi\u00f0 \u00e1 F e\u00f0a C og enda \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00edtilli tv\u00edund ne\u00f0ar \u00e1 E e\u00f0a H. Ekki var miki\u00f0 m\u00fas\u00edkalskt innihald \u00ed \u00feessum einfalda s\u00f6ng, en t\u00f3narnir g\u00e1tu or\u00f0i\u00f0 mun skrautlegri eins og komi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ar.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fyrir \u00feennan mikla og st\u00f6\u00f0uga flutning voru s\u00e1lmarnir ekki svo \u00fdkja margir. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 syngja t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng \u00e1 hverjum degi m\u00e1tti komast \u00ed gegnum alla 150 Dav\u00ed\u00f0ss\u00e1lmana \u00e1 einni viku. Gera m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 munkum hafi fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0ast \u00f3skreyttur t\u00f3nas\u00f6ngurinn eftir a\u00f0 hafa sungi\u00f0 \u00feetta sama efni \u00e1rum saman, enda f\u00f3ru flj\u00f3tlega a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a til mismunandi flutningsa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00edfga upp \u00e1 s\u00f6nginn, sem f\u00f3lust \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 fl\u00faru\u00f0um lagl\u00ednum<\/u>, oft me\u00f0 n\u00fdjum texta. S\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngurinn gat \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fdmist veri\u00f0 antif\u00f3n\u00edskur<\/em>, responsor\u00edskur<\/em> e\u00f0a beinn<\/em>:[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 greina \u00ferj\u00e1r mismunandi flutningsa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngs: beinan, antif\u00f3n\u00edskan og responsor\u00edskan<\/em> s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ng. \u00cd beinum s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ng eru erindi s\u00e1lmsins sungin \u00ed gegn \u00e1n vi\u00f0b\u00e6tts texta. Antif\u00f3n\u00edskur flutningur gefur \u00ed skyn a\u00f0 tveir helmingar k\u00f3rsins skiptist \u00e1 a\u00f0 syngja anna\u00f0hvort erindi s\u00e1lmsins, e\u00f0a (sem var \u00f6llu algengara) vi\u00f0b\u00e6tt erindi sem sungin voru vi\u00f0 einfaldar lagl\u00ednur \u2013 antif\u00f3n\u00edur \u2013 anna\u00f0hvort \u00e1 undan e\u00f0a \u00e1 eftir s\u00e1lminum, e\u00f0a milli erinda hans. \u00cd responsor\u00edskum s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ng syngur stakur flytjandi texta s\u00e1lmsins, en s\u00f6fnu\u00f0urinn e\u00f0a k\u00f3rinn syngur svar<\/em> eftir hvert erindi.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd hverri t\u00ed\u00f0 voru sungnir s\u00e1lmar b\u00e6\u00f0i antif\u00f3n\u00edskt og responsor\u00edskt, en svo vir\u00f0ist sem a\u00f0 beinn s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngur hafi ekki veri\u00f0 algengur. Lagl\u00ednurnar (antif\u00f3n\u00edurnar<\/em>) m\u00e1tti \u00fe\u00f3 finna v\u00ed\u00f0ar en \u00ed s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngnum, \u00fev\u00ed flj\u00f3tlega f\u00f3ru antif\u00f3n\u00edur a\u00f0 fylgja me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum li\u00f0um t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngvanna svo sem Bibl\u00edus\u00f6ngnum og b\u00e6ninni undir lok hverrar t\u00ed\u00f0ar.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n

Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed t\u00f6flu 3 eru fleiri li\u00f0ir \u00ed t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngnum en bara s\u00e1lmas\u00f6ngurinn. Taflan s\u00fdnir uppsetningu li\u00f0a hvers t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngs, en fyrir \u00e1hugasama um e\u00f0li hvers li\u00f0ar m\u00e1 finna n\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar \u00ed vi\u00f0auka.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nTafla 3<\/strong>. Yfirlit yfir \u00fe\u00e6tti t\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed ka\u00fe\u00f3lskum t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum.
\n\u00cd vi\u00f0auka greinarinnar eru skilgreiningar \u00e1 \u00f6llum li\u00f0um t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsins sem koma fram \u00ed t\u00f6flunni [31]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Til samanbur\u00f0ar skulum vi\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 hva\u00f0a innihald er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed handriti \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a. \u00cd t\u00f6flu 4 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsli\u00f0i handritsins.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nTafla 4.<\/strong> Li\u00f0ir t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngs \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a sem finna m\u00e1 \u00ed AM 241 a II folio.[33]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ef vi\u00f0 berum saman formi\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngvunum \u00ed t\u00f6flu 3 vi\u00f0 innihald handrits \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed t\u00f6flu 4 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 handriti\u00f0 inniheldur langt \u00ed fr\u00e1 alla li\u00f0i t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngvanna. \u00cd fyrsta Vesperas \u00ed handritinu er sem d\u00e6mi a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 finna fimm antif\u00f3n\u00edur vi\u00f0 s\u00e1lma, responsorium og antif\u00f3n\u00eduna fyrir Magnificat. \u00deegar \u00feetta er bori\u00f0 saman vi\u00f0 Vesperas \u00ed t\u00f6flu 3 \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9st a\u00f0 \u00feetta dekkar bara \u00ferj\u00e1 af t\u00edu li\u00f0um helgihaldsins. Allar l\u00edkur eru \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feetta handrit hafi a\u00f0eins veri\u00f0 skr\u00e1 yfir \u00fe\u00e6r undantekningar sem flutningur \u00e1 \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0um kraf\u00f0ist fr\u00e1 hef\u00f0bundnum t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng. \u00dear sem fari\u00f0 var me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ng \u00e1 hverjum degi \u00ed klaustrum landsins, og yfir alla Dav\u00ed\u00f0ss\u00e1lmana \u00ed hverri viku, er ekki \u00f3sennilegt a\u00f0 st\u00f3ran \u00fe\u00e1tt helgihaldsins hafi flytjendur \u00feekkt utanb\u00f3kar. \u00de\u00e1 var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 glugga \u00ed handriti\u00f0 \u00feegar komi\u00f0 var a\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1ksmessu til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 hvar \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 breyta \u00fat af hef\u00f0bundinni dagskr\u00e1. \u00deessu til stu\u00f0nings m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 texta um t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld Notre Dame sk\u00f3lans, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00fear sem tala\u00f0 er um st\u00e6r\u00f0 handritsins, en vert er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0ust\u00e6r\u00f0 AM 241 a II fol. er 320 mm x 224 mm, sem hefur ekki henta\u00f0 vel fyrir marga a\u00f0 lesa af samt\u00edmis:[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 \u00edmynda s\u00e9r a\u00f0 hin miklu verk Par\u00edsarh\u00f6fundanna sem afrakstur t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0avinnu sem fest var \u00e1 bla\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur en h\u00fan var flutt, r\u00e9tt eins og hj\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari t\u00edma t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldum. \u00de\u00f3 er \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00feeir Leoninus og Perotinus hafi seti\u00f0 sveittir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u201esemja\u201c \u00feau verk sem \u00feeim eru eignu\u00f0. Sennilegra er a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi rita\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1\u00f0ur sungi\u00f0 n\u00f3tnalaust me\u00f0 f\u00e9l\u00f6gum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 messugj\u00f6r\u00f0, og haft g\u00f3\u00f0an t\u00edma til a\u00f0 \u00e6fa saman, pr\u00f3fa lausnir og velja \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeim \u00fe\u00f3tti best. [\u2026] Kannski hafa fr\u00f6nsku s\u00f6ngvararnir r\u00e1\u00f0f\u00e6rt sig vi\u00f0 handrit \u00e1\u00f0ur en haldi\u00f0 var til kirkju en varla hafa \u00feeir sungi\u00f0 me\u00f0 h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0 ofan \u00ed n\u00f3tnab\u00f3kinni. Til \u00feess eru handritin sem var\u00f0veist hafa af \u201eorganum<\/em>-b\u00f3kinni miklu\u201c hreinlega of sm\u00e1 \u00ed sni\u00f0um.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessu samhengi er einnig vert a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 s\u00e1lmarnir sj\u00e1lfir eru ekki skrifa\u00f0ir ni\u00f0ur \u00ed handritinu, heldur vir\u00f0ist hafa n\u00e6gt a\u00f0 v\u00edsa einfaldlega \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 me\u00f0 upphafsor\u00f0um svo sem Laudate pueri<\/em> eftir fyrstu antif\u00f3n\u00eduna.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Efni handritsins sem ekki eru sta\u00f0la\u00f0ir textar (svo sem s\u00e1lmar) er meira e\u00f0a minna allt textar rita\u00f0ir \u00deorl\u00e1ki helga \u00de\u00f3rhallssyni til hei\u00f0urs. \u00c1hugavert er a\u00f0 \u00ed ritger\u00f0 sinni setur R\u00f3bert Abraham fram \u00fe\u00e1 tilg\u00e1tu, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt a\u00f0 textinn um heilagan \u00deorl\u00e1k s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum innlend sm\u00ed\u00f0, s\u00e9u lagl\u00ednur handritsins bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 erlendum fyrirmyndum<\/u>.[37]<\/a> \u00deessu til stu\u00f0nings hefur hann fundi\u00f0 m\u00f6gulegar fyrirmyndir \u00ed erlendum ritum sem a\u00f0 passa n\u00e6r fullkomlega vi\u00f0 lagl\u00ednur handritsins, \u00fe\u00f3 me\u00f0 nokkrum undantekningum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 mynd 3 s\u00e9st tafla R\u00f3berts Abrahams um m\u00f6gulegar fyrirmyndir.[38]<\/a> N\u00famer lagl\u00ednanna eru \u00feau s\u00f6mu og \u00ed t\u00f6flu 4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 3<\/strong>. Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 efni AM 241 a II folio og m\u00f6gulegra fyrirmynda.[39]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

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T\u00f3ntegundir og t\u00f3nar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hvernig hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0i t\u00f3nlistin sem ritu\u00f0 er \u00ed handritinu? Til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00fev\u00ed, og einnig s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 \u00feeirri fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 komi\u00f0, \u00fearf fyrst a\u00f0 kynnast umhverfi t\u00f3ntegundanna; hvernig hugsa\u00f0i f\u00f3lk um og skipulag\u00f0i t\u00f3nh\u00e6\u00f0ir \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma?<\/p>\n

T\u00f3ntegundir mi\u00f0alda voru allar d\u00edat\u00f3n\u00edskar t\u00f3ntegundir<\/u>, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00feegar n\u00f3tur voru rita\u00f0ar var almennt ekki stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 formerki. Hugmyndir manna um t\u00f3ntegundir voru nokku\u00f0 fr\u00e1brug\u00f0nar \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00ed dag \u00ed d\u00far\/moll-kerfinu. Ekki var enn fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 hugsa um \u201efunksj\u00f3nir\u201c s\u00e6ta t\u00f3ntegundar og s\u00e9st \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gi grunnt\u00f3nsins f\u00f3lst eing\u00f6ngu \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera lokat\u00f3nn verks \u00ed tiltekinni t\u00f3ntegund, en hann var einmitt kalla\u00f0ur finalis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Flokka m\u00e1tti t\u00f3ntegundirnar \u00ed fj\u00f3ra h\u00f3pa, kalla\u00f0ir maneria<\/em>, eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvort grunnt\u00f3nn \u00feeirra var D, E, F e\u00f0a G, en \u00feeir h\u00e9tu \u00fe\u00e1 protos<\/em>, deuterus<\/em>, tritus<\/em> og tetradus<\/em>. Innan hvers h\u00f3ps voru s\u00ed\u00f0an tv\u00e6r t\u00f3ntegundir, ein a\u00f0al t\u00f3ntegund (e. authentic<\/em>) og ein afleidd t\u00f3ntegund (e. plagal<\/em>). \u00cd dag myndum vi\u00f0 kannski ekki greina mikinn mun \u00e1 a\u00f0al og afleiddum t\u00f3ntegundum \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00e6r voru bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 s\u00f6mu t\u00f3nbilum \u00fat fr\u00e1 grunnt\u00f3ni. Eini munurinn var t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var nefnilega ekki hugsa\u00f0 um \u00e1ttundir sem jafngildar<\/u>, \u00feannig a\u00f0 ef lag var \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0inni t\u00f3ntegund h\u00e9lt h\u00fan sig n\u00e6r alltaf innan t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0s t\u00f3ntegundarinnar. Helstu undantekningartilvik voru ef s\u00f6ngvarar leyf\u00f0u s\u00e9r a\u00f0 skauta eina n\u00f3tu upp e\u00f0a ni\u00f0ur fyrir formlegt t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0 t\u00f3ntegundarinnar.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

A\u00f0alt\u00f3ntegundirnar h\u00e9tu d\u00f3r\u00edsk<\/em> fr\u00e1 D, fr\u00fdg\u00edsk<\/em> fr\u00e1 E, l\u00fdd\u00edsk<\/em> fr\u00e1 F og mix\u00f3l\u00fdd\u00edsk<\/em> fr\u00e1 G. Afleiddu t\u00f3ntegundirnar fengu forskeyti\u00f0 h\u00fdp\u00f3-, og ur\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fdp\u00f3d\u00f3r\u00edsk<\/em>, h\u00fdp\u00f3fr\u00fdg\u00edsk<\/em>, h\u00fdp\u00f3l\u00fdd\u00edsk<\/em> og h\u00fdp\u00f3mix\u00f3l\u00fdd\u00edsk<\/em>.[41]<\/a> Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 mynd 4 byrja afleiddu t\u00f3ntegundirnar \u00ed raun \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem v\u00e6ri \u00a0a\u00f0al t\u00f3ntegundarinnar, og spanna \u00fev\u00ed t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0 sem er 4und<\/sup> ne\u00f0ar en a\u00f0alt\u00f3ntegundirnar.[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 4<\/strong>. T\u00f3ntegundir mi\u00f0alda.[43]<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/h5>\n


\n<\/em>Fyrir utan grunnt\u00f3n var annar lykilt\u00f3nn \u00ed hverri t\u00f3ntegund sem var raustarhaldi\u00f0. Upprunalega var \u00fea\u00f0 alltaf \u00a0\u00ed a\u00f0alt\u00f3ntegundum og \u00a0\u00ed afleiddum t\u00f3ntegundum, en \u00feegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1 hli\u00f0ra\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e1 H til C \u00ed fr\u00fdg\u00edskum og h\u00fdp\u00f3mix\u00f3l\u00fdd\u00edskum og fr\u00e1 A til G \u00ed h\u00fdp\u00f3fr\u00fdg\u00edskum.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir mikilv\u00e6gi raustarhaldsins \u00ed t\u00f3ntegundunum var ekki s\u00edst vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 beiting \u00feessara t\u00f3ntegunda er fyrst s\u00fdnileg \u00ed svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um s\u00e1lmt\u00f3num<\/em>, sem voru \u00feeir t\u00f3nar sem sungnir voru vi\u00f0 Dav\u00ed\u00f0ss\u00e1lmana. Helsti munurinn \u00e1 s\u00e1lmt\u00f3num og \u00f6\u00f0rum t\u00f3num var a\u00f0 \u00feeir voru sjaldnast fluttir stakir, heldur voru \u00feeir n\u00e6r alltaf hluti af st\u00e6rri heild. \u00dear af lei\u00f0andi \u00feurftu s\u00e1lmarnir a\u00f0 vera sungnir \u00ed t\u00f3num sem p\u00f6ssu\u00f0u vi\u00f0 m\u00fas\u00edkalskt umhverfi sitt og voru s\u00e1lmt\u00f3narnir \u00fev\u00ed allir \u00ed t\u00f3ntegundum.[45]<\/a> Gr\u00f3flega m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 einn megin s\u00e1lmt\u00f3nn hafi veri\u00f0 fyrir hverja t\u00f3ntegund, auk eins til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar; tonus peregrinus<\/em>, sem var me\u00f0 grunnt\u00f3n \u00e1 D, en raustarhald sem f\u00f3r \u00far A \u00ed fyrri hluta s\u00e1lms ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 G \u00ed seinni hluta hans.[46]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 5<\/strong>. Helstu s\u00e1lmt\u00f3nar mi\u00f0alda[47]<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/h5>\n


\n<\/em>Snemma \u00e1 11. \u00f6ld kynnti t\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Guido d\u2018Arezzo s\u00f6ngkennslua\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem hann haf\u00f0i \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0 sem \u00e1tti s\u00ed\u00f0ar eftir a\u00f0 vera Sol-fa kerfi\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 notum \u00ed dag. [48]<\/a> \u00cd \u00feessu kerfi skipulag\u00f0i hann t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0 mi\u00f0aldas\u00f6ngs me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skipta \u00fev\u00ed ni\u00f0ur \u00ed marga sext\u00f3nastiga (hexachords), sem allir voru samforma og h\u00f6f\u00f0u t\u00f3nbilin S2-S2-L2-S2-S2 (sem samsvarar fyrstu sex n\u00f3tunum \u00ed d\u00farskala).[49]<\/a> Guido gaf n\u00f3tum hvers sext\u00f3nastiga nafn eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a s\u00e6ti sext\u00f3nastigans vi\u00f0komandi n\u00f3ta var: 1. n\u00f3ta var ut<\/em>, 2. n\u00f3ta var re<\/em>, 3. n\u00f3ta var mi<\/em>, 4. n\u00f3ta var fa<\/em>, 5. n\u00f3ta var sol<\/em>, og 6. n\u00f3ta var la<\/em>. \u00deessum sext\u00f3nastigum ra\u00f0a\u00f0i hann svo ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 n\u00f3turnar C, F og G svo a\u00f0 \u00far var\u00f0 skali sem kalla\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 \u201eGamminn\u201c sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 innihalda allar m\u00f6gulegar n\u00f3tur sem h\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 syngja.[50]<\/a> St\u00f3ra n\u00fdjungin me\u00f0 tilkomu \u00feessa kerfis f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00f6ngvari \u00e1tti n\u00fa alltaf a\u00f0 geta sta\u00f0sett sig inni \u00ed einhverjum af \u00feessum sext\u00f3nastigum og \u00e1tti \u00fe\u00e1 au\u00f0veldara me\u00f0 a\u00f0 syngja r\u00e9tt \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann las af bla\u00f0i. Ef a\u00f0 hann \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fara \u00fat fyrir m\u00f6rk eins sext\u00f3nastiga nota\u00f0i hann bara einhverja sameiginlega n\u00f3tu til \u00feess a\u00f0 sta\u00f0setja sig \u00ed n\u00fdjum sext\u00f3nastiga.[51]<\/a> Me\u00f0 \u00feessu var \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00e6tlast til \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00f6ngvarar l\u00e6su t\u00f3nlist beint af bla\u00f0i, en \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 algengast a\u00f0 s\u00f6ngvarar l\u00e6r\u00f0u l\u00f6gin, allavega a\u00f0 hluta til, eftir eyranu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 6.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201eGamminn\u201c, t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0sskali Guido d\u2018Arezzo[52]<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/h5>\n


\n<\/em>Ekki er alls \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 s\u00f6nga\u00f0fer\u00f0ir Guidos hafi rata\u00f0 til \u00cdslands, enda menntunarstig h\u00e1tt me\u00f0al klerkast\u00e9ttarinnar, og mikil tengsl vi\u00f0 meginlandi\u00f0. Talsvert var um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1rd\u00f6gum \u00edslensku kirkjunnar a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar f\u00e6ru \u00ed n\u00e1m til Evr\u00f3pu til \u00feess a\u00f0 mennta sig til prests. Komu \u00feeir heim til \u00cdslands og settu \u00e1 laggirnar sk\u00f3la h\u00e9rlendis \u00fear sem kenndar voru \u00fdmsar listir mikilv\u00e6gar fyrir presta, me\u00f0al annars t\u00f3nlist.<\/p>\n

D\u00e6mi um \u00feessa Evr\u00f3putengingu er \u00cdsleifur Gissurarson hv\u00edti sem var eftir kristnit\u00f6kuna kj\u00f6rinn fyrsti biskup \u00cdslands \u00e1 Al\u00feingi. Hann stunda\u00f0i n\u00e1m \u00ed Herford \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi og var v\u00edg\u00f0ur sem biskup af erkibiskupi Brima me\u00f0 stu\u00f0ningi Hinriks III keisara Heilaga r\u00f3mverska keisarad\u00e6misins. Settist hann a\u00f0 \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti og stofna\u00f0i \u00fear sk\u00f3la til a\u00f0 mennta presta.[53]<\/a> Gissur, sonur \u00cdsleifs, t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af honum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1080 og l\u00e9t hann l\u00f6ggilda Sk\u00e1lholt sem biskupsst\u00f3l og byggja d\u00f3mkirkju. Annar biskupsst\u00f3ll var stofna\u00f0ur \u00e1 H\u00f3lum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1106 og stofna\u00f0i J\u00f3n \u00d6gmundarson, fyrsti biskupinn \u00fear einnig sk\u00f3la auk \u00feess sem hann reisti d\u00f3mkirkju og grundvalla\u00f0i klaustri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00deingeyrum. \u00cd s\u00f6gu J\u00f3ns biskups \u00d6gmundarsonar er \u00feess geti\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed sk\u00f3lanum \u00e1 H\u00f3lum hafi starfa\u00f0 s\u00f6ngkennarinn Rikini, sem hefur l\u00edklega veri\u00f0 franskur.[54]<\/a> Einnig voru sk\u00f3lar v\u00ed\u00f0ar um landi\u00f0, auk \u00feess sem hvert klaustur hefur l\u00edklegast einnig sinnt kennslust\u00f6rfum:<\/p>\n

\u201eVita\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tveir \u00feeirra tr\u00fabo\u00f0sbiskupa sem h\u00e9r st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u um mi\u00f0ja 11. \u00f6ld r\u00e1ku sk\u00f3la. \u00deeir voru Hr\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfur sem var enskur og starfr\u00e6kti sk\u00f3la, og hugsanlega klaustur, \u00e1 B\u00e6 \u00ed Borgarfir\u00f0i og Bjarnhar\u00f0ur sem var saxneskur og var me\u00f0 sk\u00f3la \u00ed St\u00f3ru-Gilj\u00e1 \u00ed H\u00fana\u00feingi. \u00c1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 minnst \u00e1 sk\u00f3lana \u00e1 biskupst\u00f3lunum en fleiri menntastofnanir var a\u00f0 finna \u00e1 landinu. Oddverja\u00e6ttin starfr\u00e6kti sk\u00f3la \u00e1 Odda \u00e1 Rang\u00e1rv\u00f6llum og er l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 S\u00e6mundur hinn fr\u00f3\u00f0i hafi stofna\u00f0 hann. Teitur br\u00f3\u00f0ir Gissurar biskups var me\u00f0 sk\u00f3la \u00ed Haukadal. S\u00ed\u00f0ar voru einnig sk\u00f3lar \u00ed klaustrunum.\u201c[55]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00far \u00feessum jar\u00f0vegi sem fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku kirkjunnar sprettur. \u00dear sem efni ka\u00fe\u00f3lska helgihaldsins var miki\u00f0 sungi\u00f0 af klerkast\u00e9ttinni er skiljanlegt a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skreyta m\u00fas\u00edkina. Fyrsta fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun innan kirkjunnar sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum heimildir um er svokalla\u00f0ur organum<\/em>. Ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 segja me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u m\u00f3ti hvernig upphaf organum \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0, en heimildir segja a\u00f0 hann hafi byrja\u00f0 sem spunaa\u00f0fer\u00f0 innan kirkjunnar til \u00feess a\u00f0 skreyta t\u00f3nefni\u00f0 sem \u00feegar var til.[56]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dear sem h\u00fan byrja\u00f0i sem skreyting vi\u00f0 sl\u00e9tts\u00f6nginn, \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun [organum] n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki a\u00f0 auka \u00e1 gl\u00e6sileika kirkjuathafna fr\u00e1 n\u00edundu \u00f6ld vel fram \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ferett\u00e1ndu. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edta \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem einskonar tr\u00f3pa sem birtist samhli\u00f0a sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngnum \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 vera einradda vi\u00f0b\u00e6tur vi\u00f0 hann. S\u00e9rstaka athygli vekur a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun \u00e1tti s\u00e9r upphaf \u00e1 s\u00f6mu \u00f6ldum og \u00e1 s\u00f6mu st\u00f6\u00f0um og \u00fear sem miki\u00f0 var um skrif tr\u00f3pa og sekvensa. B\u00e1\u00f0ar tegundir t\u00f3nlistar koma greinilega fr\u00e1 s\u00f6mu \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 listr\u00e6nni \u00fatr\u00e1s. B\u00e1\u00f0ar sinntu \u00feeirri \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 sem r\u00f6kr\u00e9ttastan m\u00e1ta me\u00f0 \u00fatv\u00edkkun eina almennilega safns t\u00f3nlistar sem \u00fe\u00e1 var til.[57]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tr\u00f3parnir og sekvensarnir sem minnst er \u00e1 \u00ed \u00feessari tilvitnun voru t\u00f3nhendingar sem oft var b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 gamlan kirkjus\u00f6ng, og eru anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um sk\u00f6punargle\u00f0i klerkanna vi\u00f0 flutning helgihaldsins.<\/p>\n

Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 organum hafi einungis veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6dd gat sungi\u00f0 dr\u00f3n undir tiltekinn sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ng e\u00f0a sungi\u00f0 lagl\u00ednu sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngsins samst\u00edgt 8und<\/sup> ne\u00f0ar e\u00f0a ofar.[58]<\/a> Flj\u00f3tlega f\u00f3r \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 bera \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6ddin \u00feurfti ekki endilega a\u00f0 fylgja sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngnum \u00ed 8und<\/sup>um, heldur gat h\u00fan l\u00edka fylgt honum \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum hreinum t\u00f3nbilum, 5und<\/sup>um og 4und<\/sup>um. \u00deessi fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddunara\u00f0fer\u00f0, a\u00f0 syngja efni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum samst\u00edga t\u00f3nbilum, er \u00ed dag k\u00f6llu\u00f0 strangur organum<\/em>. A\u00f0alr\u00f6ddin bar nafni\u00f0 vox principalis<\/em>, en fylgir\u00f6ddin vox organalis.[59]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 eru tv\u00e6r b\u00e6kur sem eru helsta heimild fyrir \u00feess kyns organum: Musica enchiriadis, \u201ehandb\u00f3k um t\u00f3nlist\u201c, og Scholia enchiriadis, \u201esk\u00fdringar vi\u00f0 handb\u00f3kina\u201c. Scholia enchiriadis inniheldur nokkur g\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00fdnid\u00e6mi um hvernig syngja skal strangan organum sem \u00f6ll eru bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00f6ddun sama s\u00e1lmt\u00f3nsins.[60]<\/a><\/p>\n

Byrja\u00f0 er \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00fdna hvernig b\u00e6ta megi vi\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6dd 8und<\/sup> ofan e\u00f0a ne\u00f0an vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina, e\u00f0a 5und<\/sup> fyrir ne\u00f0an, og er \u00feessi tveggja radda fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun k\u00f6llu\u00f0 einfaldur organum<\/em>. Ef a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00e1tti vi\u00f0 fleiri r\u00f6ddum var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til samsetts organum<\/em>, en \u00fe\u00e1 var efni einfalda organumsins sungi\u00f0 8nd<\/sup> ofar. \u00dar var\u00f0 fj\u00f6gurra radda fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun \u00fear sem a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddin var sungin fr\u00e1 grunnt\u00f3ni sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngins, \u00f6nnur 5und<\/sup> ne\u00f0ar en sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngurinn, \u00feri\u00f0ja 4und<\/sup> ofar en sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngurinn, og fj\u00f3r\u00f0a 8und<\/sup> ofar.[61]<\/a> D\u00e6mi eru tekin um a\u00f0 fara m\u00e6tti \u00ed enn frekari fl\u00e9ttur. H\u00e6gt var syngja \u00ed \u00feremur r\u00f6ddum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sleppa ne\u00f0stu r\u00f6ddinni (sem s\u00f6ng 5und<\/sup> ne\u00f0an vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina) og jafnvel m\u00e1tti f\u00e6ra r\u00f6ddina sem var 4und<\/sup> ofar vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina upp um 8und<\/sup>, svo h\u00fan enda\u00f0i sem efsta r\u00f6ddin, 11und<\/sup> ofan vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina.[62]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 7.<\/strong> D\u00e6mi um strangan organum[63]<\/a><\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vita\u00f0 er a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun af \u00feessu tagi t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 svipu\u00f0um t\u00edma og handriti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0 og hefur lifa\u00f0 lengi s\u00ed\u00f0an me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni, en \u00fea\u00f0 er s\u00e1 s\u00f6ngur sem vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum \u00ed dag tv\u00eds\u00f6ng<\/em>, e\u00f0a stundum fimmundas\u00f6ng<\/em>:<\/p>\n

H\u00fan [tv\u00edr\u00f6ddun] var til d\u00e6mis i\u00f0ku\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi svo \u00f6ldum skipti. H\u00e9r var \u00fea\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 tv\u00eds\u00f6ngur<\/em> \u00feegar tv\u00e6r raddir sungu \u00ed \u00feessum einfalda st\u00edl og elsta handritsbroti\u00f0 me\u00f0 sl\u00edkri t\u00f3nlist sem var\u00f0veist hefur me\u00f0 hendi \u00edslensks skrifara er fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1473. [\u2026] \u00de\u00f3tt \u00fatf\u00e6rslan hefi breyst \u00ed aldanna r\u00e1s \u00e1 h\u00fan \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 sumu leyti r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddunar ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku kirkjunnar fyrir meira en \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1rum.[64]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nokkurt \u00f3samr\u00e6mi er \u00e1 milli Musica enchiriadis og Scholia enchiriadis um hvernig skyldi me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla strangan organum \u00fear sem sungi\u00f0 er \u00ed samst\u00edga 4und<\/sup>um, en \u00ed b\u00f3kunum er talin h\u00e6tta \u00e1 myndun tr\u00edt\u00f3nusar.<\/em> \u00deetta hefur \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edklega ekki veri\u00f0 raunverulegt vandam\u00e1l:<\/p>\n

Eins og haldi\u00f0 er fram \u00ed De harmonia<\/em> eftir Hucbald, syngja karlar og drengir \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1tt strangan organum \u00ed samst\u00edga \u00e1ttundum. Samst\u00edg hreyfing \u00ed fimmundum og ferundum myndi sj\u00e1lfsagt \u00fearfnast meiri athygli flytjandans, en \u00fea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 ekki jafn langs\u00f3tt \u00feegar athuga\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6gilegt s\u00f6ngsvi\u00f0 ten\u00f3rs og bassa liggur um \u00fea\u00f0 bil fimmund fr\u00e1 hvoru \u00f6\u00f0ru. Strangan organum, hvort sem hann er einfaldur e\u00f0a samsettur, \u00feurfti aldrei a\u00f0 skrifa ni\u00f0ur, og flytjendur lentu aldrei \u00ed vandam\u00e1lum me\u00f0 tr\u00edt\u00f3nusa. Um lei\u00f0 og hver s\u00f6ngvari haf\u00f0i byrja\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ednum upphafst\u00f3ni, s\u00f6ng hann einfaldlega t\u00f3nbil lagl\u00ednunnar \u00fea\u00f0an, r\u00e9tt eins og ef allir hef\u00f0u byrja\u00f0 me\u00f0 sama upphafst\u00f3n. Tr\u00edt\u00f3nusinn var \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins \u00e1hyggjuefni fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna sem voru a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra og skrifa me\u00f0 n\u00f3tum \u00fea\u00f0 sem sungi\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00feeirra t\u00edmum.[65]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mikil straumhv\u00f6rf ur\u00f0u \u00ed s\u00f6gu fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddunar \u00feegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1 11. \u00f6ldina sem f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6ddin f\u00f3r a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddinni. Til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 m\u00e1 nefna \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00ed dag heitir \u201emodified parallel organum\u201c<\/em>, sem er nafn yfir \u00fea\u00f0 sem virtist gerast undir lok hendinga\u00a0 \u00ed \u00feeim d\u00e6mum sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum um strangan organum, a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6ddin f\u00f3r allt \u00ed einu a\u00f0 hreyfast \u00ed hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ri e\u00f0a jafnvel gagnst\u00edgri hreyfingu til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddin og fylgir\u00f6ddin g\u00e6tu enda\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00f6mu n\u00f3tu.[66]<\/a> \u00deegar komi\u00f0 var fram \u00e1 11. \u00f6ldina vir\u00f0ist sem a\u00f0 \u00feessi st\u00edll hafi opna\u00f0 fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum frj\u00e1lsan organum<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun \u00fear sem aukar\u00f6ddinni (sem vir\u00f0ist a\u00f0eins hafa veri\u00f0 ein) er frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 fer\u00f0ast \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1tt sem h\u00fan vill, en er ekki tj\u00f3\u00f0ru\u00f0 \u00ed samst\u00edgni vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina.[67]<\/a> \u00cd samt\u00edmakennslub\u00f3kinni De musica<\/em> eftir John Cotton er tala\u00f0 um a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6ddin megi enda kadensur hvort sem er \u00ed 1und<\/sup> vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina e\u00f0a \u00ed 8und<\/sup> sitthvoru megin vi\u00f0. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki nefnir hann m\u00f6guleg t\u00f3nbil milli a\u00f0alraddar og aukaraddar, og telur \u00fear upp ekki a\u00f0eins hreinu t\u00f3nbilin 8nd<\/sup>, 5und<\/sup> og 4und<\/sup>, heldur l\u00edka 2und<\/sup> og 3und<\/sup>, og jafnvel 7und<\/sup>. [68]<\/a> \u00dear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki teki\u00f0 fram \u00ed textanum er \u00fea\u00f0 mitt mat a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00ferj\u00fa t\u00f3nbilin, sem \u00f6ll geta veri\u00f0 \u00fdmist st\u00f3r e\u00f0a l\u00edtil, s\u00e9u \u00fdmist st\u00f3r e\u00f0a l\u00edtil \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a t\u00f3ntegund mi\u00f0alda er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota hverju sinni. \u00deessi \u00fer\u00f3un var s\u00e9rstaklega markver\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0:<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir allar \u00feessar framfarir er mikilv\u00e6gasta inntak umr\u00e6\u00f0u John um organum sk\u00fdr v\u00edsbending um a\u00f0 komi\u00f0 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 valfrelsi \u00ed sk\u00f6punarferli\u00f0. \u00dear sem n\u00fa voru komnir margir valm\u00f6guleikar voru t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0ar or\u00f0nar a\u00f0 skapandi listformi, og fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun n\u00fdtt form t\u00f3nlistar.[69]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1 12. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u s\u00ed\u00f0an aftur miklar breytingar \u00ed fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddu\u00f0um s\u00f6ng kirkjunnar. \u00cd Par\u00eds var mikil gr\u00f3ska \u00e1 svi\u00f0i t\u00f3nlistar, og s\u00e9rstaklega me\u00f0al klerkanna \u00ed Notre Dame kirkjunni, en \u00fear var\u00f0 til st\u00edll sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 vera kenndur vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 kirkju.[70]<\/a> Miklar n\u00fdjungar komu \u00fear fram, svo sem frj\u00e1ls organum \u00ed allt a\u00f0 fj\u00f3rum r\u00f6ddum. Var \u00fea\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 organum triplum<\/em> ef um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ferj\u00e1r raddir og organum quadruplum<\/em> ef um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fj\u00f3rar, en or\u00f0in duplum<\/em>, triplum<\/em> og quadruplum<\/em> st\u00f3\u00f0u fyrir a\u00f0ra, \u00feri\u00f0ju og fj\u00f3r\u00f0u r\u00f6dd fyrir ofan sl\u00e9tts\u00f6nginn ef \u00fe\u00e6r st\u00f3\u00f0u s\u00e9r.[71]<\/a> St\u00e6rsta breytingin er \u00fe\u00f3 uppfinning svokalla\u00f0ra hrynh\u00e1tta<\/em>, en me\u00f0 \u00feeim m\u00e1tti \u00ed fyrsta sinn skrifa ni\u00f0ur sk\u00fdran hryn \u00ed svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u201emodal notation\u201c<\/em>. \u00deetta var mikilv\u00e6gt framfaraskref til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa h\u00e6kkandi fl\u00e6kjustigi t\u00f3nlistar \u00feessa n\u00fdja st\u00edls. Ef syngja \u00e1 saman \u00ed fj\u00f3rum sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um r\u00f6ddum er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 hafa gott vald \u00e1 hrynjandi. \u00deessi hrynritun var n\u00fd \u00fer\u00f3un \u00fat \u00far h\u00f3ffja\u00f0raskrift sl\u00e9tts\u00f6ngsins \u00fear sem naumurnar sem \u00feegar voru til voru nota\u00f0ar til \u00feess a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna hryn \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt[72]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u00dear sem a\u00f0 n\u00f3tur melismu m\u00e1 flokka saman eftir mynstrum \u00ed skrift naumanna, m\u00e1 nota \u00feessi mynstur til \u00feess a\u00f0 greina mismunandi hrynh\u00e6tti. Ef t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld vildi til d\u00e6mis gefa \u00ed skyn flutning \u00ed fyrsta h\u00e6tti myndi hann skrifa \u00feriggja n\u00f3tna naumu \u00e1 undan tveimur tveggja n\u00f3tna naumum.[73]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nMynd 8.<\/strong> Ritunarh\u00e1ttur hrynh\u00e1tta Notre Dame sk\u00f3lans.[74]<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/h5>\n


\n<\/em>Flutningur \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eins og kom fram fyrr \u00ed \u00feessari grein eru lagl\u00ednurnar \u00ed handriti \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a n\u00e6r allar bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 erlendum fyrirmyndum, og \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem hafa flutt \u00fe\u00e6r fyrirmyndir til landsins hafi beitt svipu\u00f0um flutningsa\u00f0fer\u00f0um og hafi veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma. Vi\u00f0 vitum auk \u00feess a\u00f0 samgangur hefur veri\u00f0 nokkur vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pu, en eins og minnst hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 fyrr var nokku\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar f\u00e6ru til Evr\u00f3pu a\u00f0 mennta sig og skilu\u00f0u \u00feeirri \u00feekkingu heim til \u00cdslands. \u00dear sem fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu fr\u00e1 \u00e1rmi\u00f0\u00f6ldum, og vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 einf\u00f6ld fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun hefur t\u00ed\u00f0kast \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, er allsennilegt a\u00f0 \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0ir g\u00e6tu hafa veri\u00f0 sungnar \u00ed einhverslags fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun. En \u00fe\u00e1 hvernig?<\/p>\n

\u00dear sem handriti\u00f0 er allt skrifa\u00f0 einradda\u00f0 hefur aukar\u00f6ddin \u00feurft a\u00f0 vera spunnin<\/u> frekar en lesin, og \u00ferengir \u00feetta a\u00f0 talsver\u00f0u marki fl\u00e6kjustig m\u00f6gulegrar fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddunar. Eins og fyrr er nefnt m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 n\u00f3tur handritsins eru skrifa\u00f0ar \u00ed naumum[75]<\/a> me\u00f0 fyrrnefndri h\u00f3ffja\u00f0raskrift. \u00c9g get ekki me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u m\u00f3ti greint a\u00f0 naumur handritsins s\u00e9u \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r geti falli\u00f0 inn \u00ed hrynh\u00e6tti Notre Dame sk\u00f3lans svo a\u00f0 \u00e9g geri h\u00e9r r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9 ekki, \u00fe\u00f3 me\u00f0 \u00feeim fyrirvara a\u00f0 \u00e9g er ekki s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00ed lestri mi\u00f0aldanauma. Vi\u00f0 skulum \u00fev\u00ed taka fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun Notre Dame sk\u00f3lans \u00fat fyrir sviga eins og sakir standa, og l\u00edklegast a\u00f0 kontrapunkt\u00edsk fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun hafi haldi\u00f0 sig vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6dd og m\u00f3tr\u00f6dd.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sem eftir stendur er \u00fe\u00e1 organum, annars vegar strangur organum og hins vegar frj\u00e1ls organum. Eins og s\u00e9st \u00ed tilvitnun fyrr \u00ed \u00feessari grein er \u00feekkt a\u00f0 strangur organum var sunginn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1473 og er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edklega fyrsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um fj\u00f6lradda\u00f0an s\u00f6ng \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Strangur organum er a\u00f0gengileg s\u00f6nga\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem var um \u00fea\u00f0 leyti sem handriti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0 or\u00f0in \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta 500 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu. Ekki er \u00fe\u00f3 jafngott a\u00f0 segja me\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsan organum, enda um talsvert fl\u00f3knari t\u00f3nlistari\u00f0kun a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a<\/u>. Frj\u00e1ls organum er kontrapunkt\u00edsk list \u00fear sem m\u00f3tr\u00f6ddin er ekki tj\u00f3\u00f0ru\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alr\u00f6ddina og krefst \u00fev\u00ed st\u00f6kki\u00f0 yfir \u00ed frj\u00e1lsan organum \u00feess a\u00f0 flytjandi hafi tilfinningu fyrir, og vald \u00e1, \u00feeirri t\u00f3ntegund sem hann er staddur \u00ed og sambandi sinnar raddar vi\u00f0 m\u00f3tr\u00f6ddina.<\/p>\n

Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 taka fyrsta s\u00e1lm handritsins, Laudate pueri, sem stendur me\u00f0 Adest festum, fyrstu antif\u00f3n\u00edu handritsins. Adest festum er \u00ed d\u00f3r\u00edskri t\u00f3ntegund, eins og m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 fr\u00e1 grunnt\u00f3ni og t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i, og hefur \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e1lmurinn veri\u00f0 sunginn vi\u00f0 d\u00f3r\u00edskan s\u00e1lmt\u00f3n. Ef \u00e1 a\u00f0 syngja anna\u00f0hvort s\u00e1lmt\u00f3ninn e\u00f0a antif\u00f3n\u00eduna \u00ed fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun ver\u00f0ur s\u00f6ngvari a\u00f0 vera me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 fylgir\u00f6ddin haldi sig \u00ed s\u00f6mu t\u00f3ntegund og lagl\u00ednan, og a\u00f0 h\u00fan endi \u00e1 grunnt\u00f3ni t\u00f3ntegundarinnar me\u00f0 lagl\u00ednunni. \u00deetta kann a\u00f0 vir\u00f0ast auglj\u00f3st fyrir t\u00f3nlistarmenn n\u00fat\u00edmans, en \u00fearfnast \u00fe\u00f3 skilnings \u00e1 t\u00f3ntegundum, og s\u00e6tum n\u00f3tna innan t\u00f3ntegundar, sem strangur organum \u00fearfnast ekki.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00f3sennilegt a\u00f0 \u00feessi kunn\u00e1tta geti hafa fundist \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma. Vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 s\u00f6ngkennsla var nokkur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum.[76]<\/a> Ef kenndar voru til d\u00e6mis a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir Guido d\u2018Arezzo er alls ekki \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 s\u00f6ngvarar hafi haft n\u00e6gilegt vald \u00e1 t\u00f3nlistinni til \u00feess a\u00f0 geta flutt frj\u00e1lsan organum. \u00deetta er heldur ekki \u00f3sennilegt \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess samgangs sem var vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum (sem s\u00e9st me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6gin eru a\u00f0 mestu innflutt) og \u00feess a\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsur organum haf\u00f0i \u00feegar veri\u00f0 i\u00f0ka\u00f0ur \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 400 \u00e1r \u00feegar handriti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0.<\/p>\n

En var allt efni handritsins \u00fe\u00e1 sungi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lradda\u00f0? Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsli\u00f0ina sj\u00e1lfa tel \u00e9g sk\u00fdrt a\u00f0 hef\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lradda efni hafi veri\u00f0 sungi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00e1lmt\u00f3na. \u00dev\u00ed til stu\u00f0nings eru fyrrnefnd d\u00e6mi \u00far Scholia enchiriadis sem \u00f6ll eru bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e1lmt\u00f3num. Einnig vitum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feekkt var a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddu\u00f0 verk voru samin vi\u00f0 responsorium.[77]<\/a> \u00dea\u00f0 sem er ekki alveg jafn sk\u00fdrt er hvort a\u00f0 antif\u00f3n\u00edur hafi veri\u00f0 sungnar fj\u00f6lradda\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0 getur \u00fe\u00f3 varla talist mj\u00f6g langs\u00f3tt, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feegar hugsa\u00f0 er um strangan organum \u00fear sem tilt\u00f6lulega a\u00f0gengilegt er a\u00f0 syngja sama lagi\u00f0 \u00ed samst\u00edgu hreinu t\u00f3nbili.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a m\u00edn er \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fa a\u00f0 allar l\u00edkur s\u00e9u \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 miki\u00f0 af efni \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0a hafi veri\u00f0 sungi\u00f0 \u00ed fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun, a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum einhverskonar organum. Sem ni\u00f0urlag set \u00e9g a\u00f0 ne\u00f0an fram t\u00f6flur 5-12 sem taka saman \u00fea\u00f0 efni sem r\u00e6tt hefur veri\u00f0 um h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan. \u00dear er dregin upp mynd af \u00fev\u00ed hvernig raunverulegur flutningur \u00e1 \u00deorl\u00e1kst\u00ed\u00f0um g\u00e6ti hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem handriti\u00f0 var skrifa\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar li\u00f0i t\u00ed\u00f0as\u00f6ngsins \u00feegar \u00feeir voru fluttir \u00ed heild sinni, en einnig tilg\u00e1tur m\u00ednar um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort efni\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 flutt \u00ed fj\u00f6lr\u00f6ddun.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6flurnar eru allar settar upp \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt:<\/p>\n