{"id":12129,"date":"2024-05-24T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/?post_type=threads&p=12129"},"modified":"2024-05-23T11:22:34","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T11:22:34","slug":"transformation-of-the-form","status":"publish","type":"threads","link":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/thraedir\/thraedir-tolublad-9\/ummyndun-formsins\/","title":{"rendered":"Transformation of the form"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Ummyndun formsins\r\nGy\u00f6rgy Ligeti<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t
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Atli Ing\u00f3lfsson<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00fe\u00fddd, dregin saman og endurs\u00f6g\u00f0 af Atla Ing\u00f3lfssyni<\/em><\/p>\n

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[Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti fl\u00fa\u00f0i Ungverjaland 1956, settist a\u00f0 \u00ed Austurr\u00edki, en lag\u00f0i lei\u00f0 s\u00edna flj\u00f3tlega til K\u00f6lnar og hitti \u00fear Karlheinz Stockhausen. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma st\u00f3\u00f0 formbyltingarvinna ser\u00edalismans sem h\u00e6st og vi\u00f0 sumarsk\u00f3lann \u00ed Darmstadt, \u00ed n\u00e1grenni K\u00f6lnar, b\u00e1ru frams\u00e6kin t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld saman b\u00e6kur s\u00ednar. Ligeti naut velvildar Stockhausens, enda haf\u00f0i hann sanna\u00f0 t\u00f3nlistarg\u00e1fur s\u00ednar og fram\u00farskarandi h\u00e6fileika til a\u00f0 greina t\u00f3nverk kollega sinna. Hann f\u00e9kk \u00fev\u00ed snemma mj\u00f6g g\u00f3\u00f0a inns\u00fdn \u00ed fagurfr\u00e6\u00f0i og a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir ser\u00edalismans. G\u00f3\u00f0 hef\u00f0bundin t\u00f3nlistarmenntun, greiningarh\u00e6fileikinn og ekki s\u00edst gestsauga\u00f0 valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Ligeti var \u00ed betri st\u00f6\u00f0u en margir kollegar hans til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a ser\u00edalismann utan fr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1958 samdi Ligeti grein s\u00edna Ummyndun formsins <\/em>\u00fear sem hann kemur auga \u00e1 nokkur sn\u00fain umhugsunarefni var\u00f0andi ser\u00edalismann. Grein \u00feessi var mj\u00f6g mikilv\u00e6gt skref \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdstri og gagnr\u00fdnni umr\u00e6\u00f0u um ser\u00edal\u00edsku byltinguna. H\u00fan var sprottin \u00far innsta hring, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 koma fr\u00e1 sj\u00e1lfum frumkv\u00f6\u00f0lunum (Stockhausen, K\u00f6nig, Boulez, Pousseur, Nono, Goyvaerts o.fl.) og var \u00fev\u00ed hvorki eins og tr\u00faarsetning n\u00e9 \u00edhaldss\u00f6m gagnr\u00fdni. \u00dea\u00f0 gefur greininni s\u00e9rstakt v\u00e6gi a\u00f0 \u00ed lokin m\u00f3tar fyrir listr\u00e6nni stefnuskr\u00e1 Ligetis. \u00dear talar hann um ferli, <\/em>en \u00fea\u00f0 var einmitt ferlist\u00f3nlist[1]<\/a><\/em> sem einkenndi \u00fea\u00f0 skei\u00f0 sem var a\u00f0 hefjast \u00ed list hans og ger\u00f0i hann a\u00f0 einu \u00feekktasta t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi sinnar kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r fer \u00e1 eftir fer \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing m\u00edn \u00e1 nokkrum snei\u00f0um \u00far \u00feessari yfirgripsmiklu grein. \u00c9g kaus a\u00f0 stikla \u00e1 st\u00f3ru og reyna a\u00f0 draga fram atri\u00f0i sem m\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3ttu s\u00e9rlega mikilv\u00e6g en gefa einungis \u00e1grip af efninu \u00feess \u00e1 milli. Greinin heitir \u00e1 frumm\u00e1linu Wandlungen musicalishen Form<\/em> og er vel \u00feess vir\u00f0i a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 lesin \u00ed heild sinni. Frumger\u00f0inni fylgir sl\u00e6\u00f0ingur ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgreina me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsunum e\u00f0a sk\u00fdringum. Til a\u00f0 einfalda lesturinn h\u00e9r er \u00feeim a\u00f0 mestu sleppt.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 lesturinn g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 gagnlegt a\u00f0 hafa \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed huga a\u00f0 greinin er samin \u00e1 t\u00edmabili \u00feegar margir tr\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ser\u00edalisminn s\u00e9 eina lei\u00f0 t\u00f3nlistarinnar fram \u00e1 vi\u00f0. A\u00f0fer\u00f0ir frumkv\u00f6\u00f0lanna voru margv\u00edslegar en gengu allar \u00fat fr\u00e1 nokkrum kennisetningum ser\u00edalismans. \u00de\u00e6r m\u00e6tti kannski draga saman \u00ed eftirfarandi lista: 1) T\u00f3nefni verks er dregi\u00f0 af tiltekinni r\u00f6\u00f0un og\/e\u00f0a margf\u00f6ldun t\u00f3lf t\u00f3na. 2) A\u00f0rar kenniv\u00edddir verksins, svo sem hrynur, styrkur, hlj\u00f3mbl\u00e6r e\u00f0a form eru jafnframt skipulag\u00f0ar a\u00f0 miklu leyti fyrirfram, \u00feannig a\u00f0 efnivi\u00f0ur verksins er a\u00f0 miklu leyti saminn \u00e1\u00f0ur en verki\u00f0 er sett saman. 3) Ekki eru notu\u00f0 stef heldur r\u00e6\u00f0st yfirbor\u00f0 verksins einungis af formger\u00f0 \u00feess. 4) For\u00f0ast ber endurtekningar, form, hendingaskipan e\u00f0a hlj\u00f3ma sem minna \u00e1 t\u00f3ntegundabundna t\u00f3nlist fyrri t\u00edma.]<\/p>\n

Svo vir\u00f0ist sem m\u00f6rg t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld gr\u00edpi n\u00fa til n\u00fdrra a\u00f0fer\u00f0a, \u00fe\u00f3tt ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni hvers og eins haldi s\u00e9rkennum s\u00ednum. \u00dea\u00f0 skiptir ekki \u00f6llu m\u00e1li hvort \u00feessi n\u00fdbreytni lei\u00f0ir af fenginni reynslu af ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni e\u00f0a hvort \u00fea\u00f0 er ra\u00f0t\u00e6knin sem er aflei\u00f0ing n\u00fdrra hugmynda um form.\u00a0 Handverk og sk\u00f6punarafl hafa alltaf \u00e1hrif hvort \u00e1 anna\u00f0. S\u00e9rhver n\u00fd a\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed vinnu h\u00f6fundarins frj\u00f3vgar allan hugarheim hans, og s\u00e9rhver breyting hugarheimsins kallar \u00e1 n\u00fdjar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n

V\u00edxlverkanir af \u00feessu tagi hafa oft leitt af s\u00e9r breytingar \u00e1 vinnua\u00f0fer\u00f0um t\u00f3nsk\u00e1lda.\u00a0 H\u00e6kkanir og l\u00e6kkanir t\u00f3na \u00ed kirkjut\u00f3nh\u00e1ttunum h\u00f6f\u00f0u framan af frekar l\u00edti\u00f0 v\u00e6gi og t\u00f3ku a\u00f0allega til lei\u00f0s\u00f6gut\u00f3nsins.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e6r leiddu hins vegar sm\u00e1m saman til \u00feess a\u00f0 d\u00far-moll hlj\u00f3mflokkakerfi festist \u00ed sessi.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0an \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist s\u00ed\u00f0an byggingarlist reglulegra og sterkra forma me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaka t\u00f3nm\u00e1l sem \u00feeim fylgir.<\/p>\n

Tilkoma \u00feessara sterku forma leiddi til margv\u00edslegrar vinnu me\u00f0 \u00farvinnslu og t\u00f3ntegundaskipti.\u00a0 Um s\u00ed\u00f0ir veikti s\u00fa vinna sj\u00e1lfan grunninn \u2013 skynjun t\u00f3ntegunda \u2013 og leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf reglulegu formin leystust upp.\u00a0 \u00deannig ger\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0s\u00f6gut\u00f3nninn, sem geti\u00f0 haf\u00f0i af s\u00e9r d\u00far-moll kerfi\u00f0, orsaka\u00f0i a\u00f0 lokum ey\u00f0ileggingu \u00feess me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a ofvirkur jafnt \u00e1 hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6na sem lagr\u00e6na svi\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00f0 n\u00fdstofna\u00f0a kr\u00f3mat\u00edska l\u00fd\u00f0veldi sem af \u00feessu leiddi \u00fearfna\u00f0ist v\u00edst l\u00f6ggjafar.\u00a0 \u00deegar \u00fev\u00ed markmi\u00f0i var n\u00e1\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u201et\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0um me\u00f0 t\u00f3lf t\u00f3num sem tengjast a\u00f0eins innbyr\u00f0is\u201c (Sch\u00f6nberg) f\u00f3r ra\u00f0t\u00e6knin, sem \u00ed upphafi var einungis \u00e6tlu\u00f0 t\u00f3nunum, a\u00f0 brei\u00f0ast \u00fat yfir alla a\u00f0ra eiginleika formsins.\u00a0 \u00deetta leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 kvar\u00f0i var settur \u00e1 allar kenniv\u00edddir.\u00a0 T\u00f3nlistin var\u00f0 til vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 fyrirframgefnar byggingareiningar voru lag\u00f0ar saman.\u00a0 T\u00f3nbyggingin leiddi af samlestri \u00f3tengdra punkta.<\/p>\n

Flj\u00f3tlega eftir a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 ra\u00f0a lengdargildum, styrkleikamerkjum og t\u00f3nbl\u00e6, var ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni einnig l\u00e1tin stj\u00f3rna st\u00e6rri einingum svo sem t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i og \u00feykkt, og st\u00fdr\u00f0i jafnvel hra\u00f0abreytingum og tegund t\u00f3nvefjar.\u00a0 Loks st\u00fdr\u00f0i h\u00fan jafnframt vissum hlutf\u00f6llum innan formsins.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 \u00feurfti samt a\u00f0 minnka agann h\u00e9r og \u00fear: Ef fl\u00f3knari \u00fe\u00e6ttir formsins hl\u00fdddu ra\u00f0skipulagi \u00feurfti veikari og \u00f3r\u00e1\u00f0nari reglur fyrir einfaldari \u00fe\u00e6ttina.\u00a0 N\u00e1kv\u00e6m stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 \u00feessum s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu \u00fe\u00e1ttum f\u00f3r a\u00f0 skipta minna m\u00e1li fyrir heild verksins.\u00a0 \u00deetta leiddi til n\u00fdrra lausna \u00ed formbyggingu:\u00a0 Hugmyndin um punktaform var\u00f0 a\u00f0 hugmynd um \u201el\u00edkindafleti\u201c [\u00fear sem n\u00e1kv\u00e6m r\u00f6\u00f0 t\u00f3nbilanna h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 skipta m\u00e1li].<\/p>\n

T\u00f3nr\u00f6\u00f0unin var upphafi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6llu \u00feessu ferli, en \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed umbreytingaskei\u00f0i sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir var h\u00fan \u00fea\u00f0 fyrsta sem l\u00e9t undan.\u00a0 H\u00fan st\u00f3\u00f0 reyndar h\u00f6llum f\u00e6ti jafnvel \u00e1\u00f0ur en t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0in kom inn \u00ed ra\u00f0t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0ar: Hnignunin h\u00f3fst \u00ed raun \u00feegar fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 semja verk sem bygg\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ra\u00f0a ekki a\u00f0eins t\u00f3num heldur jafnframt tilteknum \u00f6\u00f0rum eigindum.<\/p>\n

Hnignunin birtist \u00e1 \u00fdmsan h\u00e1tt.\u00a0 Ra\u00f0efni\u00f0 gjaldfellur og nefna m\u00e1 nokkrar mismunandi lei\u00f0ir til \u00feess.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r nefnir Ligeti fimm d\u00e6mi sem m\u00e1 draga saman og endursegja \u00ed stuttu m\u00e1li: 1) \u00deegar nokkrar l\u00e1r\u00e9ttar t\u00f3nara\u00f0ir hlj\u00f3ma samt\u00edmis, eru \u00fear a\u00f0 auki hver me\u00f0 s\u00edna lengdarr\u00f6\u00f0 og hlj\u00f3ma til d\u00e6mis \u00ed einni og s\u00f6mu \u00e1ttund ey\u00f0ast s\u00e9rkenni ra\u00f0anna, \u00fe\u00e6r ver\u00f0a hlutlausar og \u00f3fyrirsj\u00e1anlegar. \u00de\u00e1 hl\u00fdtur t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 a\u00f0 freistast til a\u00f0 gefa heildarforminu mestan gaum \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 sm\u00e1atri\u00f0a. 2) \u00deegar reynt er a\u00f0 hafa ra\u00f0ir mj\u00f6g einsleitar, me\u00f0 f\u00e1um \u00f3l\u00edkum t\u00f3nbilum, veikist s\u00e9rt\u00e6kt svipm\u00f3t \u00feeirra og \u00fe\u00e6r fara a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ma a\u00f0eins sem s\u00edendurtekin framsetning kr\u00f3mat\u00edsks t\u00f3lft\u00f3namengis. 3) \u00deegar unni\u00f0 er \u00feannig me\u00f0 t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0 a\u00f0 t\u00f3lft\u00f3nar\u00f6\u00f0 \u00feurfi a\u00f0 birta \u00e1 t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0i sem er \u00ferengra en \u00e1ttund fara anna\u00f0 hvort sumir t\u00f3nar hennar a\u00f0 endurtakast e\u00f0a svipm\u00f3t hennar hverfur \u00ed \u00fatreiknu\u00f0um sm\u00e1t\u00f3nbilum. 4) D\u00e6mi eru um a\u00f0 skipulag ra\u00f0arinnar s\u00e9 yfirf\u00e6rt til d\u00e6mis \u00e1 \u00feykkt og kr\u00f3mat\u00edskum t\u00f3num s\u00e9 auki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hvert t\u00f3nbil eftir r\u00f6\u00f0 gilda. \u00deannig hverfur svipm\u00f3t ra\u00f0arinnar og h\u00fan ver\u00f0ur einfaldlega a\u00f0 r\u00f6\u00f0 mis\u00feykkra kr\u00f3mat\u00edskra mengja. 5) Ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni er tekin upp \u00e1 fl\u00f3knara stigi formsins og \u00f6llu forskipulagi t\u00f3nanna hafna\u00f0. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist \u00feversagnarkennt getur \u00feessi fl\u00e6kni \u00e1 efra vinnslustigi leyft a\u00f0 t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 hafi aftur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 t\u00f3nbilatengsl \u00ed sm\u00e6rri einingum formsins.]<\/p>\n

\u00cd heild sinni lei\u00f0ir s\u00fa tilhneiging sem greind er \u00ed \u00feessum fimm li\u00f0um til upplausnar \u00e1 \u00f6llu t\u00f3nbilalegu svipm\u00f3ti (m\u00f6guleikinn \u00ed 5 er undantekning). L\u00e1r\u00e9ttar runur n\u00f3tna og mengja eru a\u00f0 mestu \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0ar t\u00f3nbilunum sem \u00fe\u00e6r eru mynda\u00f0ar \u00far.\u00a0 Hugt\u00f6k eins og \u00f3mbl\u00ed\u00f0a<\/em> og \u00f3mstr\u00ed\u00f0a<\/em> eiga ekki lengur vi\u00f0. Spenna og lausn hafa viki\u00f0 fyrir l\u00edkindafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum eiginleikum formsins og l\u00edkindafr\u00e6\u00f0in er yfirf\u00e6r\u00f0 til d\u00e6mis \u00e1\u00a0 samband t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0a, \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feykkt og vef sem byggt er \u00far.<\/p>\n

Sem d\u00e6mi um hva\u00f0 eiginlegt svipm\u00f3t t\u00f3nbilanna f\u00f3r sm\u00e1m saman a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00e6last fyrir m\u00f6nnum m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Pousseur voru st\u00f3rar sj\u00f6undir og litlar n\u00edundir ekki lengur skilgreindar sem s\u00e9rst\u00f6k t\u00f3nasamb\u00f6nd heldur sem \u201e\u00f3fullkomnar \u00e1ttundir\u201c.\u00a0 T\u00f6kum eftir a\u00f0 h\u00e9r er \u00e1ttundin notu\u00f0 sem m\u00e6lieining: Mitt \u00ed allri upplausninni vir\u00f0ist \u00feetta t\u00f3nbil halda v\u00e6gi s\u00ednu.<\/p>\n

Afsta\u00f0an til \u00e1ttundarinnar er \u00fe\u00f3 enn nokku\u00f0 neikv\u00e6\u00f0; reynt er a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast \u00feetta t\u00f3nbil \u2013 eins og reyndar var \u00feegar gert \u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1rum t\u00f3lft\u00f3nat\u00e6kninnar.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 eru margar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir \u00feessari and\u00fa\u00f0: \u00ed fyrsta lagi kunna menn illa vi\u00f0 \u00feann mun sem er \u00e1 lagr\u00e6nu v\u00e6gi t\u00f3nbilsins og hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nni bl\u00f6ndun \u00feess \u2013 skorti \u00feess \u00e1 hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nni spennu. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi felur h\u00fan \u00ed s\u00e9r greinilegt samband milli t\u00f3nbotns og annars \u00edt\u00f3ns hlj\u00f3\u00f0r\u00f3fsins, og \u00fea\u00f0 veldur t\u00f3nmi\u00f0jus\u00e6kinni og hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nni tilfinningu.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 myndar framandi fyrirbrig\u00f0i \u00ed hlj\u00f3\u00f0heimi \u00fear sem enginn grunnt\u00f3nn r\u00edkir; fyrirbrig\u00f0i sem \u00feess vegna v\u00e6ri truflandi.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mni fyrir \u00feessum vanda lei\u00f0ir oft til \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver n\u00f3ta er kyrrsett \u00ed tiltekinni \u00e1ttund og a\u00f0 menn taka einundir fram yfir \u00e1ttundir.\u00a0 \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir n\u00e1inn skyldleika sinn vi\u00f0 \u00e1ttundina hefur einundin allt a\u00f0ra eiginleika: \u00c1\u00f0urnefnd \u00fevers\u00f6gn milli lagr\u00e6nu og hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nu v\u00edddarinnar er h\u00e9r ekki til sta\u00f0ar og \u00feetta t\u00f3nbil er laust vi\u00f0 spennu jafnt lagr\u00e6nt sem hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nt; \u00fear a\u00f0 auki tj\u00e1ir einundin enga yfirt\u00f3na \u2013 fyrir utan \u00fe\u00e1 sem eru til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6runum sj\u00e1lfum \u2013 og \u00fev\u00ed er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 v\u00e6na hana um a\u00f0 hneigjast til t\u00f3ntegundakerfis.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar t\u00f3nvefurinn er \u00feykkur dregur \u00far vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mni fyrir \u00e1ttundum. \u00deessi tilsl\u00f6kun eykst eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem eyranu ver\u00f0ur erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 \u201eskyggna\u201c vefinn. \u00cd \u00feykkum t\u00f3nmassa er s\u00e9rlega erfitt a\u00f0 greina einst\u00f6k t\u00f3nbil.\u00a0 \u00c1ttundirnar \u00feekkjast \u00fe\u00e1 ekki sem sl\u00edkar og trufla okkur ekki lengur.\u00a0 \u00deetta sk\u00fdrir notkun \u00e1ttunda \u00ed \u00feykkustu hlutum Gruppen<\/em> eftir Stockhausen, svo teki\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00feekkt d\u00e6mi.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar vi\u00f0 t\u00f6pum n\u00e6mi \u00e1 t\u00f3nbilin ver\u00f0ur til \u00e1stand sem kalla m\u00e6tti gleypni<\/em>[2]<\/a>, \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta \u00fear til betra hugtak finnst.\u00a0 Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 einingar \u00far \u00f3l\u00edkum vefjum geta hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0 samt\u00edmis, fari\u00f0 hver inn \u00ed a\u00f0ra og jafnframt blandast fullkomlega.\u00a0 Og \u00fe\u00f3tt breytingar ver\u00f0i \u00e1 l\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttri og l\u00e1r\u00e9ttri \u00feykkt skiptir engu m\u00e1li hva\u00f0a t\u00f3nbil ver\u00f0a til innan \u00feessa samhlj\u00f3ms. Gleypni hefur ekki veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi \u00ed t\u00f3nlist fram til \u00feessa. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur finnast einhver merki um hana \u00ed eldri t\u00f3nlist.<\/p>\n

Ef til vill var t\u00f3nlist Palestrina hva\u00f0 lausust vi\u00f0 gleypni; \u00fe\u00e6r raddir sem heyr\u00f0ust samt\u00edmis ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast hver annarri \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt sem stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 var af \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0um l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum.\u00a0 Hi\u00f0 h\u00e1a skipulagsstig \u00e1 samsetningu t\u00f3nbilanna hef\u00f0i ekki \u00feola\u00f0 hina minnstu \u00f3rei\u00f0u \u00ed byggingunni og \u00fev\u00ed er svo mikillar n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni g\u00e6tt \u00ed samsetningunni.<\/p>\n

D\u00far-moll t\u00f3nlistin sem kom \u00fear \u00e1 eftir var nokku\u00f0 \u00f3gegndr\u00e6p en \u00fe\u00f3 ekki eins afgerandi og hlj\u00f3mfr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00e6kur gefa \u00ed skyn.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 er alkunna a\u00f0 stigveldi hlj\u00f3mflokkahlj\u00f3mfr\u00e6\u00f0innar leyf\u00f0i nokku\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 tengit\u00f3num og bi\u00f0t\u00f3num.\u00a0 \u00deetta er af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3masamb\u00f6ndin og endingarnar beindu athyglinni meira a\u00f0 bur\u00f0art\u00f3num hlj\u00f3manna en a\u00f0 komut\u00f3num.\u00a0 T\u00f3nlistin getur l\u00e9ttilega \u00feola\u00f0 sm\u00e1vegis hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6n \u00f3hreinindi, bi\u00f0t\u00f3na e\u00f0a hlj\u00f3mbo\u00f0a.\u00a0 \u00deetta gildir ekki s\u00edst \u00feegar raddirnar hafa mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edkan hlj\u00f3mbl\u00e6 \u2013 eins og \u00feegar um r\u00f6dd og hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6ri er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, e\u00f0a strengi og bl\u00e1sara e\u00f0a einleikshlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6ri og undirspil.\u00a0 \u00cd \u00feessum tilfellum tapa t\u00f3nbilin a\u00f0 hluta til alv\u00f6ru\u00feunga hinna st\u00f6ku n\u00f3tna. Yfirskipulagi\u00f0, sem sagt hlj\u00f3masamb\u00f6ndin, halda velli, og m\u00f6rg st\u00f6k t\u00f3nbil greinast s\u00ed\u00f0ur innan heildarframvindu hlj\u00f3manna \u00ed fl\u00f3knum vef. \u00deetta er a\u00f0eins eitt af m\u00f6rgum m\u00f6gulegum d\u00e6mum \u00far s\u00f6gunni; h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 svipu\u00f0 tilfelli hj\u00e1 mi\u00f0aldat\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldum, e\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lagat\u00f3nlist vissra sv\u00e6\u00f0a, t\u00f3nlist utan Evr\u00f3pu, e\u00f0a t\u00f3nlist Debussy.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 ser\u00edal\u00edskar t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0ar hafi mismikla gleypni; \u00fea\u00f0 er n\u00fa einu sinni svo a\u00f0 s\u00f6gulegt \u00e1stand efnisins hefur breyst.\u00a0 L\u00edkindafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt ra\u00f0skipulag minnir samt d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1 sum hef\u00f0bundin kerfi eins og til d\u00e6mis t\u00f6lusettan bassa.<\/p>\n

Hin mikla gleypni margra ser\u00edal\u00edskra verka hefur afgerandi aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir formi\u00f0:<\/p>\n

1) H\u00fan gefur m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 tilf\u00e6rslu stakra formhluta \u2013 gefur \u00feeim hreyfanleika sem er \u00ed r\u00e9ttu hlutfalli vi\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0isins sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir \u2013 og \u00fea\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir af s\u00e9r veikingu framvindunnar.\u00a0 \u00deessi veiking leyfir \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 sett s\u00e9u saman \u00f3l\u00edk temp\u00f3, eins og \u00ed Zeitmasse<\/em> fyrir fimm bl\u00e1sara eftir Stockhausen.<\/p>\n

2) Samtal \u00f3l\u00edkra byggingareininga n\u00fdtur s\u00edn best \u00ed formum sem deilast ni\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edka hlj\u00f3mbor\u00f0a [e\u00f0a t\u00ed\u00f0nisvi\u00f0]. \u00cd raft\u00f3nlist er \u00feessi ni\u00f0urdeiling innbl\u00e1sin af vinnuferlinu sj\u00e1lfu, sems\u00e9 af a\u00f0fer\u00f0unum sem nota\u00f0ar eru vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00faa til hlj\u00f3\u00f0brotin og s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 stilla \u00feau saman.\u00a0 Hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6raverk n\u00e1nast allra ra\u00f0t\u00f3nsk\u00e1lda s\u00fdna reyndar tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 semja \u00ed bor\u00f0um af \u00feessu tagi. Gr\u00fappurnar sem hlj\u00f3ma saman \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefndu verki eftir Stockhausen fyrir \u00ferj\u00e1r hlj\u00f3msveitir og margar af a\u00f0fer\u00f0um Pousseurs eru a\u00f0eins tv\u00f6 af m\u00f6rgum m\u00f6gulegum d\u00e6mum.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r fellum vi\u00f0 \u00fat tv\u00f6 \u00f6nnur d\u00e6mi og l\u00fdsingar \u00feeirra]<\/p>\n

Hi\u00f0 h\u00e1a gleypnistig og \u00f3n\u00e6mi fyrir s\u00e9rkennum t\u00f3nbilanna eru einnig mikilv\u00e6g einkenni \u00e1 t\u00f3nlist Cage og fylgismanna hans, \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00fa t\u00f3nlist eigi s\u00e9r ger\u00f3l\u00edkar forsendur.\u00a0 Cage hefur skrifa\u00f0 verk sem leika m\u00e1 ein og s\u00e9r e\u00f0a um lei\u00f0 og \u00f6nnur verk.\u00a0 Eitt og s\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur verki\u00f0 eitt lag af heild sem, \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00feykkari en hlutar hennar, er ekki algerlega \u00f3l\u00edk \u00feeim. H\u00f6fundi stendur \u00e1 sama um n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma \u00fatkomu \u00ed t\u00f3nbilum, en \u00fea\u00f0 er d\u00e6migert fyrir \u00fev\u00edl\u00edkar sm\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00fear sem slembival r\u00e6\u00f0ur fer\u00f0inni. Reyndar m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 svipa\u00f0 skeytingarleysi b\u00fai a\u00f0 baki fyrstu ser\u00edal\u00edsku t\u00f3nverkanna, \u00fear sem \u00fatkoman er a\u00f0 svo st\u00f3rum hluta sj\u00e1lfvirk.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00deetta hlutleysi hneigist til a\u00f0 brei\u00f0ast \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0rar v\u00edddir t\u00f3nlistarinnar.\u00a0 \u00deegar b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00feurrka \u00fat stigveldi t\u00f3nanna, regluleg sl\u00f6g taktsins og lengdargilda, og \u00feegar styrkleiki og hlj\u00f3\u00f0bl\u00e6r eru komnir \u00ed mj\u00fakar hendur ra\u00f0skipulagsins, ver\u00f0ur \u00e6 erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 framkalla andst\u00e6\u00f0ur.\u00a0 Allt form t\u00f3nlistarinnar hefur \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 flatt \u00fat.\u00a0 Fyrirframgefin alr\u00f6\u00f0un lei\u00f0ir af s\u00e9r \u00f3rei\u00f0u (e. entropy<\/em>) \u00feeirra forma sem \u00fat koma.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 vel vera a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum verkum s\u00e9 b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 nostra vi\u00f0 net og ke\u00f0jur alls kyns innbyr\u00f0is tengsla, en \u00feau ver\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfvirkninni a\u00f0 br\u00e1\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed frekar \u00fev\u00ed meir sem \u00feau eru skipul\u00f6g\u00f0 fyrirfram.<\/p>\n

\u00c9g \u00e6tla a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 nota saml\u00edkingu til a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00feessa sta\u00f0reynd: Athugum leik me\u00f0 hno\u00f0leir. Fyrst er klessa \u00far m\u00f6rgum \u00f3l\u00edkum litum. Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem meir er hno\u00f0a\u00f0 hverfa litu\u00f0u \u00f6r\u00f0urnar sm\u00e1m saman.\u00a0 Fyrst ver\u00f0ur til klessa \u00fear sem enn m\u00e1 greina sm\u00e1vegis litbrig\u00f0i, en heildin einkennist af skorti \u00e1 andst\u00e6\u00f0um.\u00a0 Ef vi\u00f0 h\u00f6ldum \u00e1fram a\u00f0 hno\u00f0a hverfa svo jafnvel sm\u00e1u litblettirnir og allt ver\u00f0ur gr\u00e1tt.\u00a0 \u00deetta ferli \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 litleysi er \u00f3afturkallanlegt. Strax \u00ed einf\u00f6ldustu ra\u00f0t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0um ver\u00f0ur vart vi\u00f0 \u00feetta. \u00a0\u00cd \u00feessum tilfellum er \u00fea\u00f0 forsenda st\u00edlsins a\u00f0 allir t\u00f3nar heyrist jafn oft og allt innihaldi\u00f0 hafi sama v\u00e6gi. Ekki ver\u00f0ur hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed komist a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 lei\u00f0i til aukinnar \u00f3rei\u00f0u. \u00dev\u00ed n\u00e1kv\u00e6mar sem unni\u00f0 er me\u00f0 fyrirframgefi\u00f0 efni, \u00fev\u00ed meira mun \u00fatkoman fletjast \u00fat.\u00a0 Hin algera og st\u00f6\u00f0uga notkun ra\u00f0t\u00e6kninnar lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 lokum til afneitunar ra\u00f0t\u00e6kninnar sj\u00e1lfrar.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed raun enginn grundvallarmunur \u00e1 \u00fatkomunni \u00far sj\u00e1lfvirkri ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni og slembivali: Hi\u00f0 algera skipulag reynist vera jafngilt fullkominni tilviljun.\u00a0 H\u00e9r er r\u00e1\u00f0legt a\u00f0 athuga \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e1\u00f0ur var nefnt, a\u00f0 alra\u00f0a\u00f0ri t\u00f3nlist svipar til t\u00f3nlistar sem byggir \u00e1 slembivali (John Cage).\u00a0 B\u00e1\u00f0ar tegundir t\u00f3nlistar fela \u00ed s\u00e9r skipulag \u00fear sem skiptast \u00e1 \u00fe\u00f6gn-atbur\u00f0ur-\u00fe\u00f6gn-atbur\u00f0ur o.s.frv.\u00a0 Atbur\u00f0irnir hafa a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00f3l\u00edka byggingu og \u00feagnirnar eru mislangar, en \u00fev\u00ed meir sem reynt er a\u00f0 gera hvern atbur\u00f0 einstakan, \u00fev\u00ed meira fletjum vi\u00f0 \u00fatkomuna.\u00a0 \u00deetta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feegar vi\u00f0 skerpum st\u00f6\u00f0ugt \u00e1 s\u00e9rkennum hvers atbur\u00f0ar bitnar \u00fea\u00f0 einungis \u00e1 heildarsvipnum[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 \u00e1 sama t\u00edma eru a\u00f0 verki a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir sem geta unni\u00f0 gegn flatningunni. \u00de\u00e6r felast \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leysa upp grunnskipulag ra\u00f0arinnar. Vegna sj\u00e1lfvirkni ra\u00f0arinnar sta\u00f0nar verki\u00f0 \u00ed raun \u00e1 mj\u00f6g frumst\u00e6\u00f0u vinnslustigi. A\u00f0eins \u00feeir t\u00f3nlistarmenn sem tr\u00faa \u00e1 einhvers konar alr\u00e6\u00f0i ra\u00f0arinnar \u00feola sl\u00edkt. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu m\u00f3ti draga \u00feeir formi\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 plan a\u00f0 vera einfaldur reikningsleikur.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 b\u00fdr til jar\u00f0veg fyrir akadem\u00edskan hermileik sem er s\u00edst sk\u00e1rri en eftir\u00f6pun s\u00fa sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00far hef\u00f0bundinni t\u00f3nlist.\u00a0 \u00c1fellisd\u00f3mur Adornos \u00e6tti vel vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00edl\u00edka t\u00f3nlistarmenn (\u00fe\u00f3tt hann \u00e6tti ekki vi\u00f0 um \u00e1kve\u00f0inn h\u00f3p \u00feeirra sem halda \u00e1fram eigin ranns\u00f3knum [\u00e1 eiginleikum og aflei\u00f0ingum r\u00f6\u00f0unar]).<\/p>\n

H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hefja vi\u00f0eigandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir gegn flatningunni einungis me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 setja frumefninu [forskipulagi efnisins] og slembivalinu m\u00f6rk; h\u00e9r er \u00fea\u00f0 sem t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 getur leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skipuleggja sem best. A\u00f0eins \u00feannig getur \u00fea\u00f0 skipulagt atbur\u00f0i sem hafa sk\u00fdrt og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt svipm\u00f3t og sami\u00f0 t\u00f3nlist sem ekki s\u00e6ttir sig vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera eitthvert misjafnlega heillandi hlj\u00f3\u00f0veggf\u00f3\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram \u00fev\u00edl\u00edku skipulagi og skapa atbur\u00f0i af \u00fev\u00ed tagi sem h\u00e9r er l\u00fdst \u00feegar megin\u00e1hersla t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0avinnunnar er flutt yfir \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r st\u00e6rri v\u00edddir sem \u00feegar eru nefndar.\u00a0 Heildarformi\u00f0 er byggt upp \u00e1 ser\u00edal\u00edskan h\u00e1tt, en hin st\u00f6ku augnablik eru, innan vissra marka, undir stj\u00f3rn t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldsins.\u00a0 \u201eSkrifstofuvinnan\u201c f\u00e6r \u00fev\u00ed aftur upprunalegt hlutverk sitt, a\u00f0 skipuleggja megin\u00fe\u00e6ttina.\u00a0 H\u00fan tryggir stj\u00f3rn h\u00f6fundarins \u00e1 heildarmynd \u00feess forms sem er \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0ingu, en \u00feykist ekki lengur vera upphaf og endir sk\u00f6punarferlisins.\u00a0 Tilgangur \u00feessarar ra\u00f0r\u00e6nu \u201eforvinnu\u201c er nokkurn veginn \u00e1\u00feekkur \u00feeim sem t\u00f3ntegundaskipti, kadensur og a\u00f0rir formgerandi \u00fe\u00e6ttir d\u00far-moll t\u00f3nlistar hafa.<\/p>\n

\u00cd m\u00ednu tilfelli er forskipulagi\u00f0 hvorki stigveldi n\u00e9 mi\u00f0leiti\u00f0 (\u00f3l\u00edkt d\u00far-moll t\u00f3nlist). Stj\u00f3rn formsins tekur j\u00f6fnum h\u00f6ndum til forgangs og dreifingar atbur\u00f0anna. Tengslin milli ra\u00f0r\u00e6nna tenginga og formsins eru \u00feau s\u00f6mu og milli genamengis kr\u00f3m\u00f3s\u00f3manna og vaxandi l\u00edfveru.\u00a0 Ef vi\u00f0 n\u00e1lgumst \u00feetta svona skiptist t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0avinnan \u00ed tv\u00f6 stig:<\/p>\n

1) Ra\u00f0r\u00e6n forvinna me\u00f0 reglur sem \u00e1kvar\u00f0a meginstefnu formsins.<\/p>\n

2) V\u00f6xtur formsins sem tekur \u00e1 sig mynd \u00feegar vandlega er vali\u00f0 \u00far m\u00f6guleikum \u00feeim sem birtust \u00e1 fyrra vinnustiginu. H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram \u00feeim eiginleikum sem ma\u00f0ur vill me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 velja vissar samsetningar e\u00f0a hafna \u00feeim.\u00a0 Form sem \u00feannig er gert er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta \u00e1 mj\u00f6g sveigjanlegan h\u00e1tt, \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er laust vi\u00f0 \u00feann einstrenging og stir\u00f0leika sem einkennir sj\u00e1lfvirk ferli, auk \u00feess sem n\u00fa er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 semja br\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r tekur Ligeti Gruppen<\/em> eftir Stockhausen sem d\u00e6mi um verk \u00fear sem tekist hefur a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta \u00e1hugaver\u00f0a heild \u00fe\u00f3tt ra\u00f0t\u00e6knin taki til margra \u00fe\u00e1tta eins og \u00feykktar og lengdar gr\u00fappanna. Hann nefnir jafnframt a\u00f0ra ser\u00edu p\u00edan\u00f3verka eftir Stockhausen. \u00cd \u00feeim verkum snei\u00f0 Stockhausen stundum t\u00ed\u00f0ni n\u00fdrra atbur\u00f0a eftir ser\u00edal\u00edskum reglum og s\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 heldur gjarnan forminu fersku og \u00e1hugaver\u00f0u.]<\/p>\n

\u00deegar r\u00e6tt er um \u00feennan \u201efrj\u00e1lslega\u201c \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ra\u00f0t\u00e6knit\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0um, kemur upp spurning sem erfitt er a\u00f0 v\u00edkja s\u00e9r undan: Ef ra\u00f0skipulagi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 flutt upp \u00e1 stig st\u00f3rformsins og stj\u00f3rn sm\u00e1formsins hefur minnka\u00f0, er \u00fe\u00e1 endilega nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 halda samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed ra\u00f0r\u00e6na n\u00e1lgun?\u00a0 M\u00e6tti ekki l\u00e1ta \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 formi\u00f0 alveg \u00f3heft, jafnt \u00ed st\u00f3ru sem sm\u00e1u?\u00a0 Til a\u00f0 s\u00fdna hva\u00f0 sl\u00edkt frelsi er mikil blekking n\u00e6gir a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 hva\u00f0 verk sem \u00feannig eru samin eru fornf\u00e1leg.\u00a0 Eins og stendur er \u00fea\u00f0 eina lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 tryggja hags\u00fdni \u00ed notkun efnisins og n\u00e6ga n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inna \u00fe\u00e1tta eins og endurtekningar og reglulegs slags a\u00f0 koma s\u00e9r upp lei\u00f0akerfi \u00e1kvar\u00f0ana og takmarkana.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3mar eins og \u00fevers\u00f6gn, en \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt er ma\u00f0ur frj\u00e1lsari \u00ed t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0inni en \u00feegar \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 er \u00e1n hafta.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er erfitt a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 fyrir um hvernig t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0aa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir eiga eftir a\u00f0 ummyndast \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni, og h\u00e9r er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mikill munur \u00e1 t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldum.\u00a0 Vi\u00f0 erum ekki bara fangar \u00ed eigin s\u00f6gulegu a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um, heldur er mat hvers og eins \u00e1 \u00feessum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um alveg \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00f6\u00f0rum.\u00a0 Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur m\u00e6tti reyna a\u00f0 draga h\u00e9r upp \u00fdmsar \u00e1ttir sem t\u00f3nlistin g\u00e6ti fari\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1ratugum:<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r fellum vi\u00f0 brott nokku\u00f0 t\u00e6knilega l\u00fdsingu um forskipulag t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0arinnar og \u00e1 m\u00f6guleikunum sem fyrir hendi eru vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 lengdargilda]<\/p>\n

Allar \u00feessar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir lei\u00f0a \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega til upplausnar \u00e1 upprunalegri lengdagildar\u00f6\u00f0, og \u00fear sem \u00feetta lei\u00f0ir \u00f3beint af stj\u00f3rnkerfum \u00e1 efri stigum formsins m\u00e6tti spyrja sig hvort ekki v\u00e6ri betra a\u00f0 taka einfaldlega grunnhlutf\u00f6ll rytmans \u00ed eigin hendur. Og hvort m\u00e6tti ekki f\u00e6ra valdi\u00f0 yfir t\u00edmaheg\u00f0un formsins aftur til t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldsins \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 nota lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir [\u00feegar skipulag \u00e1 ne\u00f0ra stigi stangast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 yfirskipulag]. \u00deetta skref mundi endanlega velta af stalli ra\u00f0t\u00e6knilegu hugmyndinni um a\u00f0 \u00f6ll lengdargildi s\u00e9u jafn algeng.\u00a0 \u00cd sta\u00f0 fyrirframgefinnar ra\u00f0ar hef\u00f0um vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis \u00f3jafna dreifingu eininga \u00e1 l\u00edkindafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum grunni.\u00a0 Svo d\u00e6mi s\u00e9 teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 nota\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00ed fyrsta hluta hlj\u00f3msveitarverks m\u00edns Apparitions<\/em>, bl\u00e6v\u00e6ng[5]<\/a> af lengdargildum (reiknu\u00f0 sem upphafspunktar) sem f\u00f3lst \u00ed a\u00f0 gefa hverri einingu gildi sem v\u00e6ri \u00feannig a\u00f0 margfeldi\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed og fj\u00f6lda \u00feess \u00ed st\u00f3rforminu v\u00e6ri fasti.\u00a0 \u00deannig mynda\u00f0i \u00e9g jafnv\u00e6gi \u00ed innkomubilum: \u00dev\u00ed styttra sem bili\u00f0 var, \u00fev\u00ed oftar birtist \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed heildarmyndinni, og summan af stuttu bilunum var j\u00f6fn summu lengri bila.\u00a0 S\u00ed\u00f0an gat \u00e9g nota\u00f0 \u00feetta mynstur l\u00edka \u00e1 t\u00f3nsvi\u00f0 og \u00e1 l\u00e1r\u00e9tta \u00feykkt, me\u00f0 hj\u00e1lp ra\u00f0t\u00e6knilegrar sk\u00f6mmtunar sem var s\u00e9rstaklega h\u00f6nnu\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deetta var h\u00e6gt \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00ed a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00e1 efri formstigum e\u00f0a setja saman \u00f3l\u00edk skipulagsl\u00f6g, me\u00f0 s\u00ednum sj\u00e1lfvirku ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur ver\u00f0 \u00e9g a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt m\u00e9r t\u00e6kist me\u00f0 \u00feessum h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 \u00fatiloka\u00a0 frumst\u00e6\u00f0ar minjar fr\u00e1 g\u00f6mlu stigveldiskerfi, \u00fe\u00e1 er sj\u00e1lft e\u00f0li ra\u00f0kerfisins h\u00e9r dregi\u00f0 \u00ed efa.\u00a0 En \u00feetta kerfi, eins og \u00e9g hef \u00feegar sagt, st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feegar h\u00f6llum f\u00e6ti, jafnvel fyrir utan \u00feetta d\u00e6mi sem \u00e9g hef n\u00fa nefnt.\u00a0 Ra\u00f0t\u00f3nlist mun l\u00fata s\u00f6mu \u00f6rl\u00f6gum og \u00f6ll t\u00f3nlist fyrri t\u00edma: Strax vi\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0ingu innih\u00e9lt h\u00fan frj\u00f3korn eigin endaloka.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r er enn eitt d\u00e6mi \u00fear sem Ligeti r\u00e6\u00f0ir m\u00f3tun formsins og gleypni formhlutanna. Aftur nefnir hann Gruppen<\/em> til d\u00e6mis um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig \u00f3l\u00edk l\u00f6g geta hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0 saman \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera of h\u00e1\u00f0 hvert \u00f6\u00f0ru.]<\/p>\n

\u00cd raft\u00f3nverki m\u00ednu Artikulation <\/em>var \u00e9g fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a gagnkv\u00e6m \u00e1hrif \u00feessara bl\u00f6ndunarskilyr\u00f0a [\u00f3l\u00edkra hugmynda \u00e1 a\u00f0greindum t\u00ed\u00f0nisvi\u00f0um].\u00a0 \u00cd fyrsta lagi valdi \u00e9g hlj\u00f3\u00f0fyrirb\u00e6ri me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 innra skipulag: Korn\u00f3tt, st\u00f6kk, trefjar\u00edk, teygjanleg, kl\u00edstru\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f6ppu\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00c9g ger\u00f0i ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 sam\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0anleika \u00feessara \u00fe\u00e1tta og s\u00e1 hverjir g\u00e6tu blandast hverjum og hverja yr\u00f0i erfitt a\u00f0 sameina. Ra\u00f0skipulag \u00feessara eiginleika ger\u00f0i m\u00e9r kleift a\u00f0 byggja formi\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00c9g vann me\u00f0 sm\u00e1atri\u00f0in og reyndi a\u00f0 mynda andst\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1 milli \u00f3l\u00edkra efna og \u00f3l\u00edkra bl\u00f6ndunarlei\u00f0a, \u00e1 me\u00f0an heildar\u00e1\u00e6tlunin ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir h\u00e6gu og sta\u00f0f\u00f6stu ferli sem mundi lei\u00f0a til algerrar bl\u00f6ndunar \u00feessara andst\u00e6\u00f0u eiginleika.<\/p>\n

Ef t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0aa\u00f0fer\u00f0 byggir fyrst og fremst \u00e1 \u00e1standi efnisins lei\u00f0ir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega til hugrenningatengsla vi\u00f0 sj\u00f3n- og snertiskyn okkar. Auglj\u00f3st d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta eru \u00feau \u00e1hrif myndlistar sem Adorno talar um \u00ed skrifum um Debussy og Stravinsky. Raft\u00f3nlist felur s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed s\u00e9r tengsl t\u00f3nsk\u00e1lds og verks sem tengja \u00fea\u00f0 myndlistinni enn frekar. Hlj\u00f3\u00f0verk sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hlusta \u00e1 aftur og aftur \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokkur munur s\u00e9 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edkist a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti myndlist. T\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 er jafnframt flytjandi verksins. H\u00f6fundurinn hefur \u00feannig bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 g\u00e6\u00f0i flutningsins: T\u00f3nlistarma\u00f0urinn ver\u00f0ur skyndilega eins og m\u00e1lari.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 getum \u00ed raun einnig s\u00e9\u00f0 samruna m\u00e1lverks og t\u00f3nlistar \u00ed myndlistinni. Hana m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed \u00f3hlutkenndum verkum Pauls Klee og h\u00fan er mj\u00f6g \u00e1berandi \u00ed abstraktverkum, einkum hj\u00e1 \u00feeim abstraktm\u00e1lurum okkar daga sem eru ekki ge\u00f3metr\u00edskir. \u00ddmsa eiginleika sem \u00e1\u00f0ur voru taldir s\u00e9rstakir fyrir t\u00f3nlist ber n\u00fa fyrir augu \u00ed myndlist. \u00dea\u00f0 er eftirtektarvert a\u00f0 samruni m\u00e1lverks og t\u00f3nlistar eykst \u00fev\u00ed meir sem \u00feessar listir telja sig sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar e\u00f0a segjast byggja \u00e1 \u201ehreinum formum\u201c.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Auk \u00feessara tenginga m\u00e1 nefna \u00feann samsl\u00e1tt sem ver\u00f0ur \u00feegar t\u00edmahlutf\u00f6llum vir\u00f0ist breytt \u00ed r\u00fdmishlutf\u00f6ll. Formbyggingu er ekki lengur l\u00fdst sem framvindu sem myndast vi\u00f0 v\u00edxlverkun spennu og lausnar heldur sem samsetningu lita og flata, eins og \u00ed m\u00e1lverki. T\u00edmar\u00f6\u00f0in er s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0eins til a\u00f0 birta \u00fea\u00f0 hvert \u00e1 eftir \u00f6\u00f0ru sem \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera til sta\u00f0ar samt\u00edmis. T\u00edmar\u00f6\u00f0in er \u00fe\u00e1 bara eins og \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar augun hvarfla hinga\u00f0 og \u00feanga\u00f0 um m\u00e1lverki\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Andst\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 \u00feetta, \u00fe\u00e1 eru st\u00f6k augnablik stigveldishla\u00f0innar d\u00far-mollt\u00f3nlistar ekki a\u00f0eins til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0festa eigin tilveru, heldur fela \u00feau einnig \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 sem var a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0a og \u00fea\u00f0 sem er a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 gerast. \u00deetta var m\u00f6gulegt vegna framvindunnar sem hlj\u00f3marnir myndu\u00f0u, me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum haf\u00f0i h\u00fan skilyrt hlustunina \u2013 b\u00fai\u00f0 til v\u00e6ntingu. \u00dear sem t\u00f3nlistin bj\u00f3 yfir \u00feessum eiginleika a\u00f0 vera \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 n\u00e1framt\u00ed\u00f0ina gat h\u00fan beint athygli a\u00f0 st\u00f6kum vi\u00f0bur\u00f0um e\u00f0a skipt s\u00e9r \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edka samhli\u00f0a fr\u00e1sagnar\u00fer\u00e6\u00f0i, en formbyggingin var \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1vallt takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 eina stefnu \u00ed t\u00edmanum.<\/p>\n

Framstreymi t\u00f3nlistarinnar var einnig tryggt me\u00f0 taktsl\u00f6gum sem yfirleitt haldast j\u00f6fn. Ef \u00f3v\u00e6nt atvik ver\u00f0a – eins og til d\u00e6mis \u00feegar h\u00f6ggvi\u00f0 er \u00e1 hlj\u00f3mferli e\u00f0a skyndilega skipt um t\u00f3ntegund – fl\u00fdtir vitund hlustandans s\u00e9r a\u00f0 bera \u00feau saman vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem h\u00fan \u00e1tti von \u00e1; \u00feannig atvik \u00fe\u00f3ttu ekki valda hn\u00f6krum \u00e1 framvindunni heldur voru \u00feau frekar sem tilbrig\u00f0i e\u00f0a aflei\u00f0ur, sem truflu\u00f0u ekki hina n\u00e1tt\u00farulegu almennu einstefnu t\u00edmans. Svona einstefna gaf formum d\u00far-moll t\u00f3nlistar yfirbrag\u00f0 r\u00f6kv\u00edsi; \u00feess vegna m\u00e1 l\u00edkja \u00feeim vi\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir hina r\u00f3tt\u00e6ku n\u00fdjung sem felst \u00ed t\u00f3nlist hans, leita\u00f0ist Sch\u00f6nberg vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda hinni t\u00f3mu skel klass\u00edsku formanna. Hann seinka\u00f0i \u00feannig talsvert \u00fev\u00ed ferli sem nefna m\u00e6tti \u201er\u00famgervingu\u201c[7]<\/a> t\u00edmans. \u00a0En \u00fev\u00ed ferli var ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 seinka meir eftir a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu leifar stigveldisformanna hurfu. \u00a0T\u00f3nlist Weberns varpa\u00f0i t\u00edmastreyminu \u00ed \u00edmynda\u00f0 r\u00fdmi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera stefnu t\u00edmans jafngilda hvort sem var fram e\u00f0a aftur. \u00deetta er gert me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 birta stefjabrot s\u00edfellt samt\u00edmis vi\u00f0sn\u00fanum myndum s\u00ednum (\u00feannig h\u00e6ttir a\u00f0 skipta m\u00e1li hvert er hi\u00f0 upprunalega stef). \u00deessi fj\u00f6lgilda v\u00f6rpun var undirstriku\u00f0 me\u00f0 sta\u00f0setningu \u00ed kring um l\u00e1r\u00e9ttan mi\u00f0ju\u00f6xul, sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 samfella t\u00edmans \u00e1 s\u00e9r samsv\u00f6run \u00ed r\u00fdminu og a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem gerist hvert \u00e1 eftir \u00f6\u00f0ru og samt\u00edmis ver\u00f0ur jafngilt \u00ed kerfi sem br\u00e6\u00f0ir \u00fea\u00f0 allt saman. \u00de\u00f3tt birting \u00feessa \u201er\u00fdmis\u201c \u00ed t\u00edmanum s\u00e9 ekki lengur eins og framvinda \u00ed g\u00f6mlu formunum[8]<\/a> er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 ekki alveg t\u00edmalaust enn\u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt form Weberns vir\u00f0ist ekki hreyfast \u00ed eina \u00e1tt m\u00e1 \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta segja a\u00f0 \u00feau vir\u00f0ast hreyfast \u00ed hringi \u00ed \u00edmyndu\u00f0u r\u00fdmi s\u00ednu, drifin \u00e1fram af orkunni sem b\u00fdr \u00ed spennu t\u00f3nbilanna og af s\u00edbreytilegum \u00e1herslum. Jafnvel \u00feessar leifar af hryn\u00fer\u00f3tti hverfa \u00ed einstrengingsh\u00e6tti et\u00fd\u00f0unnar Modes de valeurs et d’intensit\u00e9s<\/em> eftir Messiaen. Alr\u00f6\u00f0un ser\u00edalismans ber me\u00f0 s\u00e9r fullkomna kyrrst\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 eru f\u00e1 verk \u00fear sem \u00feessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 er jafn v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k og \u00ed S\u00f3n\u00f6tu fyrir tv\u00f6 p\u00edan\u00f3<\/em> eftir Goeyvaerts – sem er fyrsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um alra\u00f0a\u00f0 t\u00f3nverk – e\u00f0a \u00ed Structures Ia<\/em> eftir Boulez. \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og \u00feessi t\u00f3nlist brei\u00f0i \u00far sl\u00e6\u00f0um me\u00f0 mikilfenglega austr\u00e6na r\u00f3 yfir s\u00e9r, \u00fev\u00ed afli\u00f0 sem dr\u00edfur framr\u00e1s t\u00edmans hefur veri\u00f0 aftengt.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r fellum vi\u00f0 burt m\u00e1lsgrein. H\u00fan er reyndar st\u00f3rskemmtileg og tekur nokkur d\u00e6mi um truflun \u00e1 framr\u00e1s t\u00edmans \u00ed eldri t\u00f3nverkum, til d\u00e6mis \u00feegar Beethoven sl\u00e6r saman forhlj\u00f3mi og grunnhlj\u00f3mi \u00ed 1. kafla S\u00f3n\u00f6tu nr. 26.]<\/p>\n

\u00c1hrifin af hlj\u00f3masamb\u00f6ndum og fr\u00e1vikum \u00feeirra \u2013 samb\u00f6ndum sem eitt sinn voru afgerandi hluti t\u00f3nm\u00e1lsins \u2013 hafa n\u00fa n\u00e6stum alveg horfi\u00f0 vegna \u00f3n\u00e6mis fyrir t\u00f3nbilum. Eyra\u00f0 getur \u00fe\u00f3 enn fylgt eftir \u00f3l\u00edkum atbur\u00f0um sem vir\u00f0ast teygja t\u00edmann \u00ed gagnst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00e1ttir. \u00cd verkunum sem h\u00e9r voru nefnd gefur a\u00f0 heyra \u00fathugsa\u00f0a og fl\u00f3kna virkni t\u00edmans. \u00dea\u00f0 n\u00e6gir \u00fe\u00f3 ekki til a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast a\u00f0 upp komi innra vandam\u00e1l: Vegna me\u00f0f\u00e6ddrar gleypni \u00feeirra eiga \u00f3l\u00edkar atbur\u00f0ar\u00e1sir \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 renna saman \u00feannig a\u00f0 upprunaleg fj\u00f6lbreytni \u00feeirra ver\u00f0ur innst inni a\u00f0 einsleitni. Hin \u00f3l\u00edku temp\u00f3 breytast \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edka \u00feykkt \u00feegar \u00feau koma saman og hi\u00f0 \u00edmynda\u00f0a r\u00fdmi \u00fear sem \u00feetta gerist gleypir alla \u00f3l\u00edka t\u00edmakvar\u00f0a (Zeit-Masse). \u00deessi verk eru engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur heillandi og a\u00f0d\u00e1unarver\u00f0 jafnv\u00e6gisk\u00fanst \u00feeirra \u00e1 m\u00f6rkum tveggja heima: \u00d6\u00f0rum megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 hra\u00f0a breytast \u00ed \u00feykkt og hinum megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 t\u00edma sem, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt, er enn\u00fe\u00e1 bara t\u00edmi, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann s\u00e9 settur fram sem eins konar r\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n

R\u00famgervingin og aftengingin eru ekki einu byltingarnar sem t\u00edminn s\u00e6tir \u00ed t\u00f3nlist n\u00fat\u00edmans. Til eru form og stefnur sem verka \u00e1 \u00fever\u00f6fugan h\u00e1tt. \u00cd dag eru t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld enn uppteknari af tengingum hins sm\u00e1a en \u00e1\u00f0ur, og \u00fe\u00e6r birtast raft\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldum eflaust mj\u00f6g greinilega. \u00deannig ver\u00f0a t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldin \u00e6 me\u00f0vita\u00f0ri um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0sn\u00faningur \u00ed t\u00f3nlist [a\u00f0 leika eitthva\u00f0 aftur\u00e1bak] er \u00ed m\u00f3ts\u00f6gn vi\u00f0 e\u00f0li hlj\u00f3\u00f0heimsins. \u00dea\u00f0 er b\u00fdsna f\u00e1tt sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 sn\u00faa vi\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ska\u00f0ist: einungis form sem eing\u00f6ngu byggja \u00e1 alveg kyrrst\u00e6\u00f0um hlj\u00f3\u00f0um. \u00d6ll \u00f6nnur hlj\u00f3\u00f0fyrirb\u00e6ri \u2013 \u00f6ll hlj\u00f3\u00f0 raddarinnar og hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6ra, undantekningalaust \u2013 eru merkt sl\u00e6tti s\u00ednum og hn\u00edgandi[9]<\/a>. H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 leika t\u00f3nar\u00f6\u00f0 aftur \u00e1 bak en aldrei t\u00f3nana sj\u00e1lfa. \u00dea\u00f0 n\u00e6gir a\u00f0 hlusta \u00e1 segulband aftur \u00e1 bak til a\u00f0 gera s\u00e9r grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hvernig \u00fatl\u00ednur hlj\u00f3\u00f0sins breytast svo miki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r ver\u00f0a \u00f3\u00feekkjanlegar. (R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 undirstrika a\u00f0 h\u00e9r er ekki \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0sn\u00faning sem framkalla\u00f0ur er me\u00f0 hreyfingum \u00ed r\u00fdminu. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0eins sj\u00f3nhverfing \u00fev\u00ed raunveruleg einstefna hlj\u00f3\u00f0sins \u00ed t\u00edma er \u00f3umdeilanleg sta\u00f0reynd.)<\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 sem \u00fev\u00ed l\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 hefur reynslan af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0 sm\u00e6stu einingar hlj\u00f3\u00f0sins \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hugmyndir okkar um formi\u00f0 yfirleitt. \u00deetta g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 ein af \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00fdlegum verkum for\u00f0ast h\u00f6fundarnir yfirleitt v\u00f6rpun aftur \u00e1 bak nema eitthva\u00f0 meira s\u00e9 \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 hana. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum gert okkur grein fyrir a\u00f0 stakt hlj\u00f3\u00f0 er kjarni formsins, vegna \u00feeirra \u00fatl\u00edna sem \u00fea\u00f0 ber, sl\u00e1tturinn og hnigi\u00f0 (og \u00feetta er \u00ed raun loka\u00f0 og fullkomi\u00f0 form, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00e1 sm\u00e6sta stigi). \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 hugsanlega nota sem fyrirmynd a\u00f0 hluta formsins og jafnvel a\u00f0 st\u00e6rri formbyggingum[10]<\/a>. Svona hlj\u00f3\u00f0kristallar eins og Webern ger\u00f0i samr\u00fdmast ekki lengur \u00fev\u00edl\u00edkri hugmynd um form. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allar hugmyndir um r\u00famt\u00e6ka blekkingu er t\u00edminn aftur farinn a\u00f0 streyma \u00ed a\u00f0eins eina \u00e1tt. Og \u00feetta hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 enda me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00famgervingin sj\u00e1lf l\u00e6tur undan s\u00edga.<\/p>\n

S\u00fa tilhneiging a\u00f0 nota endurtekningar og samhverfur af \u00fdmsu tagi mun a\u00f0eins fl\u00fdta fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hverfum aftur inn \u00ed t\u00edmav\u00edddina eina, ekki s\u00edst \u00fear sem t\u00f3nefni \u00fea\u00f0 sem s\u00e6tir r\u00famgervingu vir\u00f0ist svo broth\u00e6tt. Vaxandi \u00f3\u00feol gagnvart hugmyndum sem hafa heyrst \u00e1\u00f0ur veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hvers kyns \u00fer\u00e1stef<\/em> eru algerlega \u00fatiloku\u00f0, og veldur \u00fev\u00ed jafnframt a\u00f0 allar t\u00f3nmyndir e\u00f0a yr\u00f0ingar sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r reglulegt slag eru \u00fatiloka\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir af s\u00e9r \u00e1stand \u00fear sem hvert sm\u00e1atri\u00f0i ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vera \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00f6\u00f0rum og til a\u00f0 skrifa hvert brot af t\u00f3nlistinni \u00fearf a\u00f0 hugsa allt fr\u00e1 grunni, eins og sj\u00e1lf hlj\u00f3\u00f0in v\u00e6ru ekki til enn\u00fe\u00e1 heldur \u00feurfi a\u00f0 skapa \u00feau til a\u00f0 geta unni\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feau, \u201eeins og rith\u00f6fundur sem \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a s\u00e9r \u00fati um s\u00e9rstaka or\u00f0ab\u00f3k og s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0a setningafr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir hverja setningu sem hann skrifar\u201c[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hvort \u00feau form sem g\u00e6tu sprotti\u00f0 af ofangreindum huglei\u00f0ingum ver\u00f0a \u00e1litin afturhaldss\u00f6m vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeim svipar til hinna yfirgefnu d\u00far-moll forma skal \u00f3sagt l\u00e1ti\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 erum r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 byrja \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va r\u00famgervinguna, en vi\u00f0 erum \u00feegar farin a\u00f0 taka eftir henni \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru stigi. \u00cd samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 hugmyndina um s\u00edfellda \u00fer\u00f3un og v\u00f6xt, hefur banni\u00f0 vi\u00f0 endurtekningu, sem gildir um byggingareiningar inni \u00ed verki, veri\u00f0 yfirf\u00e6rt \u00e1 formi\u00f0 \u00ed heild sinni og vi\u00f0 viljum \u00fev\u00ed ekki lengur endurtaka heila formhluta, \u00fe.e.a.s. endurtaka verkin \u00f3breytt. \u00deannig ur\u00f0u til \u00feessi \u201efrj\u00e1lsu\u201c form sem flytjandinn sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1 a\u00f0 setja saman (\u00e9g hef r\u00e6tt \u00feessi form \u00e1\u00f0ur)[12]<\/a>. \u00deess h\u00e1ttar verk, \u00fear sem t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 gefur \u00fat lei\u00f0beiningar um samsetningu, auk t\u00f3nefnisins, leysa \u00feennan vanda formsins en \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mninnar. H\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00e9g vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 gefa forminu \u00feann eiginleika a\u00f0 vera n\u00fdtt vi\u00f0 hverja hlustun er leyft a\u00f0 uppr\u00f6\u00f0un formhlutanna s\u00e9 frj\u00e1ls, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt fl\u00e6\u00f0i t\u00edmans tapast og \u00f3rei\u00f0an eykst. Hinar \u00f3l\u00edku \u00fatg\u00e1fur \u00fev\u00edl\u00edks verks eru eins og lj\u00f3smyndir af \u201emobile\u201c verki eftir Calder[13]<\/a>: breytingarnar eru einungis sj\u00e1anlegar \u00f3beint, \u00fear sem s\u00e9rhver flutningur er einfaldlega augnabliks frysting \u00e1 hinum fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgu m\u00f6guleikum formsins. M\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f6llu \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ara a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 skapa og \u00fer\u00f3a t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0alega a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 birta breytingarferli\u00f0.<\/em><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> Me\u00f0 hugtakinu ferlist\u00f3nlist<\/em> er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e1 ensku heitir process music.<\/em><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00cd frumtextanum \u00e1 \u00fe\u00fdsku notar h\u00f6fundur or\u00f0i\u00f0 Permeabilit\u00e4t og innan sviga Durchl\u00e4ssigkeit.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> H\u00e9r er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 fyrstu tilraunir me\u00f0 ser\u00edal\u00edskt skipulag, \u00e1\u00f0ur en fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 vinna n\u00e1nar me\u00f0 flokkun mengja, hlj\u00f3mr\u00e6nt e\u00f0a vefr\u00e6nt yfirbrag\u00f0.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> H\u00e9r vill \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0andi f\u00e1 a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 \u00feessi sta\u00f0reynd er nokku\u00f0 sem t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ld fyrri alda voru m\u00f6rg mj\u00f6g me\u00f0vitu\u00f0 um og eitt helsta einkenni hins svokalla\u00f0a \u201e\u00feri\u00f0ja st\u00edls\u201c hj\u00e1 Beethoven er a\u00f0 efni\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur svipminna og einfaldara sta\u00f0bundi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu sterkari heildarsvips.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00cd ra\u00f0t\u00e6kni er \u00fea\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 bl\u00e6v\u00e6ngur<\/em> \u00feegar r\u00f6\u00f0 gilda er lesin \u00e1 v\u00edxl \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00e1ttir \u00fat fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0ju, e\u00f0a \u00ed gagnst\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1tt, fyrsta, s\u00ed\u00f0asta, anna\u00f0, n\u00e6st-s\u00ed\u00f0asta o.s.frv.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> H.K.Metzger, Just who is growing old?, \u201eDie Reihe\u201c 4. tbl (1954), bls 73.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u00deetta m\u00e6tti kannski einnig \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a \u201er\u00fdmisv\u00e6\u00f0ingu\u201c og \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar fari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 hugsa um t\u00edmann sem r\u00fam e\u00f0a myndfl\u00f6t. [Athugasemd \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0anda]<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> H\u00e9r notar h\u00f6fundur or\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00farvinnsluform.<\/em><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> H\u00e9r eru \u201esl\u00e1ttur og hn\u00edgandi\u201c \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e1 ensku heitir attack<\/em> og decay.<\/em><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed leikur enginn vafi a\u00f0 spektral t\u00f3nsk\u00e1ldin (Grisey, Murail o.fl.) t\u00f3ku \u00feessa hugmynd Ligetis mj\u00f6g alvarlega.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Karlheinz Stockhausen …How time passes<\/em> (\u201eDie Reihe\u201c (enska \u00fatg\u00e1fan), 3.tbl. bls. 10).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> H\u00e9r er v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed svokalla\u00f0ar aleat\u00f3r\u00edskar<\/em> e\u00f0a valkv\u00e6\u00f0ar<\/em> t\u00f3nsm\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u00c1tt er vi\u00f0 Alexander Calder sem bj\u00f3 til svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 mobiles,<\/em> e\u00f0a \u00f3r\u00f3a, sem voru sk\u00falpt\u00farar hangandi \u00far loftinu og \u00e1 hreyfingu.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wds_primary_threads_cat":0,"footnotes":""},"threads_cat":[201],"class_list":["post-12129","threads","type-threads","status-publish","hentry","threads_cat-thraedir-tolublad-9"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/threads\/12129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/threads"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/threads"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12129"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/threads\/12129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24798,"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/threads\/12129\/revisions\/24798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"threads_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lhi.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/threads_cat?post=12129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}